Kingston upon Hull

History

Wyke and wool trade

Kingston upon Hull stands on the north bank of the Humber Estuary at the mouth of its tributary, the River Hull. The valley of the River Hull has been inhabited since the early Neolithic period, but there is little evidence of a substantial settlement in the area of the present city.{{cite web |access-date = 16 February 2008 |archive-date = 15 September 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070915121644/http://www.hull.ac.uk/wetlands/hull.htm |url-status = dead |access-date = 25 February 2011 |author-link = Charles Frost (antiquary) |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lQ0WAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA5}}

The River Hull was a good haven for shipping, whose trade included the export of wool from Meaux Abbey, which owned Myton. In 1293, the town of Wyke was acquired from the abbey by King Edward I, who, on 1 April 1299, granted it a royal charter that renamed the settlement King's town upon Hull or Kingston upon Hull. The charter is preserved in the archives of the Guildhall.{{cite book |access-date = 2 July 2008 |editor-last = Allison |editor-first = K. J. |archive-date = 7 October 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141007131658/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=549 |url-status = dead

In 1440, a further charter incorporated the town and instituted local government consisting of a mayor, a sheriff and twelve aldermen.

In his Guide to Hull (1817), J. C. Craggs provides a colourful background to Edward's acquisition and naming of the town. He writes that the King and a hunting party started a hare which "led them along the delightful banks of the River Hull to the hamlet of Wyke ... [Edward], charmed with the scene before him, viewed with delight the advantageous situation of this hitherto neglected and obscure corner. He foresaw it might become subservient both to render the kingdom more secure against foreign invasion, and at the same time greatly to enforce its commerce". Pursuant to these thoughts, Craggs continues, Edward purchased the land from the Abbot of Meaux, had a manor hall built for himself, issued proclamations encouraging development within the town, and bestowed upon it the royal appellation, King's Town.{{cite book

Prospering port

The port served as a base for Edward I during the First War of Scottish Independence and later developed into the foremost port on the east coast of England. It prospered by exporting wool and woollen cloth, and importing wine and timber. Hull also established a flourishing commerce with the Baltic ports of the Hanseatic League.{{cite book |editor-last = Allison |editor-first = K. J. |access-date = 16 February 2008}}

From its medieval beginnings, Hull's main trading links were with Scotland and northern Europe. Scandinavia, the Baltic and the Low Countries were all key trading areas for Hull's merchants. In addition, there was trade with France, Spain and Portugal.

Sir William de la Pole was the town's first mayor.{{cite web |access-date = 22 September 2007 A prosperous merchant, de la Pole founded a family that became prominent in government. Another successful son of a Hull trading family was bishop John Alcock, who founded Jesus College, Cambridge and was a patron of the grammar school in Hull. The increase in trade after the discovery of the Americas and the town's maritime connections are thought to have played a part in the introduction of a virulent strain of syphilis through Hull and on into Europe from the New World.{{cite news |access-date = 25 February 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111110103058/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/english-syphilis-epidemic-predated-european-outbreaks-by-150-years-706243.html |archive-date = 10 November 2011}}

The town prospered during the 16th and early 17th centuries, and Hull's affluence at this time is preserved in the form of several well-maintained buildings from the period, including Wilberforce House, now a museum documenting the life of William Wilberforce.

During the English Civil War, Hull became strategically important because of the large arsenal located there. Very early in the war, on 11 January 1642, the king named the Earl of Newcastle governor of Hull while Parliament nominated Sir John Hotham and asked his son, Captain John Hotham, to secure the town at once. Sir John Hotham and Hull corporation declared support for Parliament and denied Charles I entry into the town. Charles I responded to these events by besieging the town. This siege helped precipitate open conflict between the forces of Parliament and those of the Royalists.

After the Civil War, docks were built along the route of the town walls, which were demolished. The first dock (1778, renamed Queen's Dock in 1854) was built in the area occupied by Beverley and North gates, and the intermediate walls, which were demolished, a second dock (Humber Dock, 1809) was built on the land between Hessle and Myton gates, and a third dock between the two was opened 1829 as Junction Dock (later Prince's Dock).

Whaling played a major role in the town's fortunes until the mid-19th century. As sail power gave way to steam, Hull's trading links extended throughout the world. Docks were opened to serve the frozen meat trade of Australia, New Zealand and South America. Hull was also the centre of a thriving inland and coastal trading network, serving the whole of the United Kingdom.{{cite web |access-date = 25 February 2013 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130525065420/http://www.hullhistorycentre.org.uk/discover/pdf/HullsDocksandTrade%20Oct2011.pdf |archive-date = 25 May 2013

City status

Throughout the second half of the 19th century and leading up to the First World War, the Port of Hull played a major role in the emigration of Northern European settlers to the New World, with thousands of emigrants sailing to Hull and stopping for administrative purposes before travelling on to Liverpool and then North America.{{cite web |access-date = 28 January 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100308093051/http://www.norwayheritage.com/articles/templates/voyages.asp?articleid=28&zoneid=6 |archive-date = 8 March 2010 |url-status = dead

Parallel to this growth in passenger shipping was the emergence of the Wilson Line of Hull (which had been founded in 1825 by Thomas Wilson). By the early 20th century, the company had grown – largely through its monopolisation of North Sea passenger routes and later mergers and acquisitions – to be the largest privately owned shipping company in the world, with over 100 ships sailing to different parts of the globe. The Wilson Line was sold to the Ellerman Lines – which itself was owned by Hull-born magnate (and the richest man in Britain at the time) Sir John Ellerman.{{cite web |access-date = 25 July 2010}}

Hull's prosperity peaked in the decades just before the First World War; it was during this time, in 1897, that city status was granted. Many of the suburban areas on the western side of Hull were built in the 1930s, particularly Willerby Road and Anlaby Park, as well as most of Willerby itself.

Wartime bombing

Main article: Hull Blitz

The city's port and industrial facilities, its proximity to mainland Europe and ease of location being on a big estuary, led to much damage from bombing during the Second World War; much of the city centre was destroyed. Hull had 95 per cent of its houses damaged or destroyed, making it the second most severely bombed British city or town by number of damaged or destroyed buildings, after London, during the Second World War.{{cite news |access-date = 2 February 2007 More than 1,200 people died in air raids on the city and some 3,000 others were injured.{{cite web |access-date = 13 May 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100213042224/http://www.rhaywood.karoo.net/bombmap.htm |archive-date = 13 February 2010 |url-status = dead

The worst of the bombing occurred in 1941. Little was known about this destruction by the rest of the country at the time, since most of the radio and newspaper reports did not reveal Hull by name but referred to it as "a North-East town" or "a northern coastal town".{{cite book Most of the city centre was rebuilt after the war. In 2006 researchers found documents in the local archives that suggested an unexploded wartime bomb might be buried beneath the Boom, in Hull a redevelopment.{{cite news |access-date = 29 April 2009 |access-date = 29 April 2009}}

After the decline of the whaling industry after the Second World War, emphasis shifted to deep-sea trawling until the Anglo-Icelandic Cod War of 1975–1976. The conditions set at the end of this dispute started Hull's economic decline.

City of Culture

Main article: UK City of Culture

In 2017 Hull was awarded the title of 'City of Culture' by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport. There were festivals in public spaces to promote the city and its new title. At the start of the year there was a huge firework display attracting a crowd of 25,000.

Governance

Municipal

Main article: Hull City Council

Following the Local Government Act 1888, Hull became a county borough, a local government district independent of the East Riding of Yorkshire. This district was dissolved under the Local Government Act 1972, on 1 April 1974 when it became a non-metropolitan district of the newly created shire county of Humberside. Humberside (and its county council) was abolished on 1 April 1996 and Hull was made a unitary authority area.{{cite web |access-date = 4 July 2008 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090120201119/http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/ERY/Hull/HullHistory/HullHistory6.html |archive-date = 20 January 2009

The single-tier local authority of the city is now Hull City Council (officially Kingston upon Hull City Council), headquartered in the Guildhall in the city centre.{{cite web |access-date = 16 September 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070915150731/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,75255&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |archive-date = 15 September 2007 |url-status = dead |access-date = 9 November 2006 |access-date = 1 October 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080516112644/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,93203&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&p_id=898&p_mode=result&p_theme=3&p_theme_name=Council%20government%20and%20democracy |archive-date = 16 May 2008 |url-status = dead |access-date = 8 February 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080208035848/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,93203&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&p_id=1514&p_month=Feb-08&p_page_number=1 |archive-date = 8 February 2008 |url-status = dead In the 2008 corporate performance assessment the city retained its "improving well" status but was upgraded to a three star rating.{{cite web |access-date = 6 March 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090822124144/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,93203&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&p_id=2145&p_month=Mar-09&p_page_number=1 |archive-date = 22 August 2009 |url-status = dead

The Liberal Democrats won overall control of the City Council in the 2007 local elections, ending several years in which no single party had a majority.{{cite news |access-date = 4 May 2007 They retained control in the 2008 local elections by an increased majority{{cite web |access-date = 8 May 2008 and in the 2010 local elections.{{cite web |access-date = 13 May 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111004071745/https://web5.hullcc.gov.uk/akshullerps/election/2010/ataglance.html |archive-date = 4 October 2011 Following the UK's local elections of 2011, the Labour Party gained control of the council,{{cite news |access-date =7 May 2011}} increasing their majority in the 2012{{cite web |access-date = 4 May 2012}} and retained this following the 2014 local elections.{{cite news |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140527182302/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,949883&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |url-status = dead |archive-date = 27 May 2014 |access-date = 6 June 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210225194114/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,1365772&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |url-status = dead |archive-date = 25 February 2021 |access-date = 15 May 2015 2016 local elections.{{cite news |access-date = 11 October 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181011060740/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page-_pageid%3D221%2C1515093%26_dad%3Dportal%26_schema%3DPORTAL |archive-date = 11 October 2018 |url-status = dead |access-date = 13 May 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190513225948/https://cmis.hullcc.gov.uk/cmis/Elections/WardBoundaryChanges.aspx |archive-date = 13 May 2019 |url-status = dead |access-date = 13 May 2019}} In the 2021 local elections the Liberal Democrats gained a couple of seats but Labour retained control by just three seats.{{cite web

Parliament

The city returned three members of parliament to the House of Commons and at the last general election, in 2024, elected three Labour MPs: Emma Hardy, Diana Johnson and Karl Turner.

William Wilberforce is the most celebrated of Hull's former MPs. He was a native of the city and the member for Hull from 1780 to 1784 when he was elected as an Independent member for Yorkshire.{{cite web |access-date = 28 November 2009 |archive-date = 16 April 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080416005314/http://www.historyhome.co.uk/c-eight/people/wilberf.htm}}

Geography

Kingston upon Hull is on the northern bank of the Humber Estuary. The city centre is west of the River Hull and close to the Humber. The city is built upon alluvial and glacial deposits which overlie chalk rocks but the underlying chalk has no influence on the topography. The land within the city is generally very flat and is only 2 to 4 metres (6.5 to 13 ft) above sea level. Because of the relative flatness of the site there are few physical constraints upon building and many open areas are the subject of pressures to build.{{cite web |access-date = 15 March 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080311013213/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/HOME/PLANNING/PLANNING%20POLICY/HULL%20DEVELOPMENT%20FRAMEWORK/SAVED%20LOCAL%20PLAN/LP02.PDF |archive-date = 11 March 2008 |url-status = dead

The parishes of Drypool, Marfleet, Sculcoates, and most of Sutton parish, were absorbed within the borough of Hull in the 19th and 20th centuries. Much of their area has been built over, and socially and economically they have long been inseparable from the city. Only Sutton retained a recognisable village centre in the late 20th century, but on the south and east the advancing suburbs had already reached it. The four villages were, nevertheless, distinct communities, of a largely rural character, until their absorption in the borough—Drypool and Sculcoates in 1837, Marfleet in 1882, and Sutton in 1929.{{cite book |access-date = 27 April 2008 |editor-last = Allison |editor-first = K. J. The current boundaries of the city are tightly drawn and exclude many of the metropolitan area's nearby villages, of which Cottingham is the largest.{{cite web |access-date = 1 January 2009 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081220160326/http://www.bedandbreakfastmap.co.uk/england/east-riding-of-yorkshire/kingston-upon-hull.php |archive-date = 20 December 2008 The city is surrounded by the rural East Riding of Yorkshire.

Some areas of Hull lie on reclaimed land at or below sea level. The Hull Tidal Surge Barrier is at the point where the River Hull joins the Humber Estuary and is lowered at times when unusually high tides are expected. It is used between 8 and 12 times per year and protects the homes of approximately 10,000 people from flooding.{{cite web |access-date = 9 November 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060804043254/http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/regions/northeast/411697/411714/411761/?lang=_e |archive-date = 4 August 2006}} Due to its low level, Hull is expected to be at increasing levels of risk from flooding due to global warming.{{cite news |access-date = 8 February 2008

Historically, Hull has been affected by tidal and storm flooding from the Humber;{{cite journal |access-date = 17 August 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111006160334/http://dro.dur.ac.uk/1072/1/1072.pdf |archive-date = 6 October 2011 |url-status = dead |access-date = 17 August 2011 |archive-date = 20 January 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120120005319/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1961/may/01/flooding-hull |url-status = live

Many areas of Hull were flooded during the June 2007 United Kingdom floods,{{cite web |access-date = 25 February 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130110075033/http://www.coulthard.org.uk/hullfloods.html |archive-date = 10 January 2013 |url-status = dead |access-date = 11 November 2019 |archive-url = http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20150604015123/http://www.ofwat.gov.uk/sustainability/waterresources/rpt_com_hullflood2007wrc.pdf |archive-date = 4 June 2015 |url-status = dead

Further flooding occurred in 2013, resulting in a new flood defence scheme to protect homes and businesses, stretching 4 miles from St Andrews Quay Retail Park to Victoria Dock, linking to other defences at Paull and Hessle. Started in 2016, it was completed in early 2021.{{cite news

At around 00:56 GMT on 27 February 2008, Hull was 30 mi north of the epicentre of an earthquake measuring 5.3 on the Richter Scale which lasted for nearly 10 seconds. This was an unusually large earthquake for this part of the world.{{cite news |access-date = 27 February 2008 Another notable quake occurred early in the morning of 10 June 2018.{{cite news |access-date = 9 September 2018

Climate

Located in Northern England, Hull has a temperate maritime climate which is dominated by the passage of mid-latitude depressions. The weather is very changeable from day to day and the warming influence of the Gulf Stream makes the region mild for its latitude. Locally, the area is sunnier than most areas this far north in the British Isles, and also considerably drier, due to the rain shadowing effect of the Pennines. It is somewhat warmer than west coast areas at a similar latitude such as Liverpool in summer due to stronger shielding from maritime air but also colder in winter and North Sea breezes keep the city cooler than inland areas during summer. It is also one of the most northerly areas where the July average maximum temperature exceeds 21.5 C, although this appears to be very localised around the city. Flooding in June 2007 caused significant damage to areas of the city. Droughts and heatwaves also occur such as in 2003, 2006 and recently in 2018.{{cite web |access-date = 1 March 2011 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110409010351/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/eengland/7100_1km/MaxTemp_Average_1971-2000_7.gif |archive-date = 9 April 2011

The absolute maximum temperature recorded is 36.9 C,{{cite web |access-date = 2 February 2023 |access-date = 3 December 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023141/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1981-2010&indexid=TXx&stationid=273 |archive-date = 4 March 2016 |url-status = dead |access-date = 3 December 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234636/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1981-2010&indexid=SU&stationid=273 |archive-date = 3 March 2016 |url-status = dead

The absolute minimum temperature is -11.1 C,{{cite web |access-date = 1 March 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120507121846/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=7&year=1982&indexid=TNn&stationid=273 |archive-date = 7 May 2012 |url-status = dead

On 23 November 1981, during the record-breaking nationwide tornado outbreak, Hull was struck by two tornadoes which passed through, and caused damage to residential buildings across the north-eastern suburbs of Hull and uprooted trees.

Demography

According to the 2001 UK census, Hull had a population of 243,589 living in 104,288 households. The population density was 34.1 per hectare.{{cite web |access-date = 4 November 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071116113036/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/00fa.asp |archive-date = 16 November 2007 |url-status = dead |access-date = 5 July 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090120204320/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=276821&c=Kingston+Upon+hull&d=13&e=7&g=389985&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1215271763513&enc=1&dsFamilyId=163 |archive-date = 20 January 2009 |url-status = dead |access-date = 24 April 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080213055359/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=9666&More=Y |archive-date = 13 February 2008 |url-status = dead

In 2001, approximately 53,000 people were aged under 16, 174,000 were aged 16–74, and 17,000 aged 75 and over. Of the total population 97.7% were white and the largest minority ethnic group was of 749 people who considered themselves to be ethnically Chinese. There were 3% of people living in Hull who were born outside the United Kingdom.{{cite web |access-date = 16 May 2009 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090814093811/http://83.137.212.42/sitearchive/cre/diversity/map/yorkshireandthehumber/hull.html |archive-date = 14 August 2009 In 2006, the largest minority ethnic grouping was Iraqi Kurds who were estimated at 3,000. Most of these people were placed in the city by the Home Office while their applications for asylum were being processed.{{cite news |access-date = 4 April 2009 In 2001, the city was 71.7% Christian. A further 18% of the population indicated they were of no religion while 8.4% did not specify any religious affiliation.

Historically, minorities of many faiths and nationalities have lived around the docks, Old Town and City Centre, coming in from European ports like Hamburg, aided by continental railways and steam-ships from the mid-1800s. Over 2 million passed through Hull between 1850 and 1914, on the way to a new life in America and elsewhere, but some planned or decided to stay. Dutch, Jews, Germans, Scandinavians and others were sometimes prominently involved in the life of the port city. They found opportunity but endured discrimination at times, such that these communities have now largely dispersed.

Also in 2001, the city had a high proportion, at 6.2%, of people of working age who were unemployed, ranking 354th out of 376 local and unitary authorities within England and Wales. The distance travelled to work was less than 3 mi for 64,578 out of 95,957 employed people. A further 18,031 travelled between 3.1 and 6.2 miles (5 and 10 km) to their place of employment. The number of people using public transport to get to work was 12,915 while the number travelling by car was 53,443.

Men in the University ward had the fourth lowest life expectancy at birth, 69.4 years, of any ward in England and Wales in 2016.

Ethnicity

Industry

The traditional industries of Hull are seafaring (whaling and later seafishing) and later heavy industry which both have since declined in the city. Companies BP and Reckitt Benckiser, have facilities in Hull.{{cite web |access-date = 21 February 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090122065733/http://www.hull.co.uk/template02.asp?pageid=122 |archive-date = 22 January 2009 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://archive.today/20130505121644/http://www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk/map-Hull-s-green-energy-jobs-windfall-2015/story-12779546-detail/story.html |url-status = dead |archive-date = 5 May 2013 |access-date = 11 November 2011 |access-date = 1 May 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110919050538/http://www.hull-humber-chamber.co.uk/1120/news/2011/08/humber-enterprise-zone-bid-sucessful.aspx |archive-date = 19 September 2011 |url-status = dead

Port

Although the fishing industry, including oilseed production, declined in the 1970s due to the Cod Wars, the city remains a busy port, handling 13 million tonnes of cargo per year.{{cite web |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081119154556/http://www.hullmaritimealliance.com/theport.asp |url-status = dead |archive-date = 19 November 2008 |access-date = 5 March 2009 The port operations run by Associated British Ports and other companies in the port employ 5,000 people. A further 18,000 are employed as a direct result of the port's activities.{{cite web |access-date = 8 June 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090122065510/http://www.hull.co.uk/template01.asp?pageid=158 |archive-date = 22 January 2009 |url-status = dead |access-date = 25 February 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110727201430/http://www.railwayherald.org/magazine/issueview.php?type=UK&id=191 |archive-date = 27 July 2011}}{{cite web |access-date = 25 February 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120219034021/http://www.railtechnologymagazine.com/dataview/News/News_Article.aspx?KeyValue=698 |archive-date = 19 February 2012}}

Energy

In January 2011 Siemens Wind Power and Associated British Ports signed a memorandum of understanding concerning the construction of a wind turbine blade manufacturing plant at Alexander Dock. The plan would require some modification of the dock to allow the ships, used for transporting the wind turbine blades, to dock and be loaded.Sources:

• {{cite web | access-date = 22 January 2011}}

• {{cite press release | access-date = 22 January 2011}}

• {{cite news | access-date = 22 January 2011}} Planning applications for the plant were submitted in December 2011,{{cite news | access-date = 13 December 2011}} and affirmed in 2014, concerning 75 m blades for the 6 MW offshore model.{{cite news | access-date = 25 March 2014}}{{cite news | access-date = 25 March 2014}} A 12.5 acre site waste-to-energy centre costing in the region of £150 million is also planned to be built by the Spencer Group. Announced in mid-2011, and named 'Energy Works',{{cite web |access-date = 25 February 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130523115737/http://energyworkshull.co.uk/ |archive-date = 23 May 2013 |url-status = dead

• Commissioning of the plant was undertaken in 2019 with full operation expected to be late 2019.{{cite news

Other

Hull Marina was developed on land formerly occupied by the railway docks in the centre of the city. It was rebuilt and opened in 1983, it has 270 berths for yachts and small sailing craft.

In July 2014, the former Fruit Market was demolished with a technology hub C4DI (Centre for Digital Innovation) built in December 2015.{{cite news |access-date = 21 July 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140713044311/http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/Work-starts-Fruit-Market-site-new-pound-15m/story-21322567-detail/story.html |archive-date = 13 July 2014 |access-date = 7 January 2017 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151221031738/http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/Unique-C4DI-digital-hub-open-business-Hull/story-28380771-detail/story.html |archive-date = 21 December 2015

The city has chemical and health care sectors, Smith & Nephew's founder Thomas James Smith being from the city. The health care sector has research facilities provided by the University of Hull through the Institute of Woundcare and the Hull York Medical School partnerships.{{cite web |access-date = 3 June 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090122065721/http://www.hull.co.uk/template01.asp?pageid=157 |archive-date = 22 January 2009 |url-status = dead

Ferry services started after the decline in fishing by the introduction of Roll-on Roll-off ferry services to the continent of Europe. These ferries handle over a million passengers each year.{{cite web |access-date = 3 June 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081120010359/http://www.poferries.com/tourist/content/pages/template/routes_hull_-_zeebrugge_hull_hull_port.htm |archive-date = 20 November 2008 |url-status = dead

Commerce

Trade

Merchant's houses such as Blaydes House and some warehouses survive in the Old Town, where trade was centred on the River Hull, later shifting to the Humber docks.

Humber Quays incorporates the World Trade Centre Hull & Humber and offices for The Spencer Group, RBS, and Jonathan Oliver Lee. The quays was a late 2000s development costing £165 million{{cite web |access-date = 25 February 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090827032921/http://www.gos.gov.uk/497763/docs/196769/340436/443498 |archive-date = 27 August 2009}} with office buildings, housing, a 200-bedroom hotel and a restaurant.{{cite web |access-date = 25 April 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090122065802/http://www.hull.co.uk/template02.asp?pageid=86 |archive-date = 22 January 2009 |url-status = dead |access-date = 25 April 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090122064903/http://www.hull.co.uk/template01.asp?pageid=203 |archive-date = 22 January 2009 |url-status = dead

Retail

In March 2017, the Old Town area was designated as one of 10 Heritage Action Zones by Historic England with the benefit that the area would get a share of £6 million.{{cite news | access-date = 20 March 2017}} Retailers such as Heron Foods, and Jacksons began their operations in Hull.{{cite web | url-status = live | access-date = 1 May 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121108230505/http://press.comet.co.uk/company-history | archive-date = 8 November 2012}}

Hull has many shopping streets, both inside and outside the city centre. The main non-city-centre shopping streets are Hessle Road, Holderness Road, Chanterlands Avenue, Beverley Road, Princes Avenue, and Newland Avenue.

Additionally, two covered shopping arcades, Paragon and Hepworth. The latter was modernised and renovated in the late 2000s.{{cite web |access-date = 15 May 2009}} The city also has the Trinity Market Hall, a grade II listed building Edwardian era indoor hall with 50 stalls, it was last renovated in 2016.{{cite news |access-date = 19 June 2017}}

The city centre has three shopping centres, St Stephen's, Princes Quay, and the Prospect Centre. The Prospect Centre on Prospect Street is the smaller and older shopping centre which benefits from large footfall; having chain stores, banks, fashion retailers and the city's main post office.{{cite web | access-date = 11 June 2021}}{{cite web |access-date = 10 June 2010}}

Princes Quay Shopping Centre was built in 1991 on stilts over the closed Prince's Dock. It has a mixture chain stores and food outlets. It was built with four retail floors, known as "decks", with the uppermost deck converted to a cinema from December 2007.{{cite press release |access-date = 20 January 2008 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110714145242/http://www.myvue.com/corporate/news.asp?sb=1&SessionID=0725EE01086545199D31B253EA507C8A&cn=1&ln=1&intThisPageStructureID=7021 |archive-date = 14 July 2011

The St Stephen's shopping centre development on Ferensway adjacent to Hull Paragon Interchange is a 560000 sqft scheme, that opened in 2007. It is anchored by a superstore and provides many shop units, food outlets, a hotel, and a 7-screen cinema. Since its opening, shopping patterns within the city centre have shifted to the centre from around Princes Quay.

The North Point Shopping Centre (also known by as Bransholme Shopping Centre which is the area of the city it's in) contains a similar range of popular chain and budget retailers including Boyes and Heron Foods. There are also other outer centres for shopping and retail parks, including St Andrews Quay retail park on the Humber bank and Kingswood retail park (Kingswood).

Nightlife, bars and pubs

The main drinking area in the city centre is the Old Town. One pub has Hull's smallest window (The George Hotel).

Spiders, which opened in 1979, is an alternative rock nightclub on Cleveland Street, situated in a building that was once The Hope and Anchor pub.

'ATIK' nightclub (formerly The Sugarmill) is situated adjacent to Princes Quay shopping centre and the historic Princes Dock which dated back to 1829.

Culture

Hull has several museums of national importance. The city has a theatrical tradition with some famous actors and writers having been born and lived in Hull. The city's arts and heritage have played a role in attracting visitors and encouraging tourism in recent efforts at regeneration. Hull has a diverse range of architecture and this is complemented by parks and squares and a number of statues and modern sculptures. The city has inspired author Val Wood who has set many of her best-selling novels in the city.{{cite web |archive-url = https://archive.today/20130706072050/http://www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk/Celebrating-trail-launch-library/story-16511162-detail/story.html%23axzz2XPGDEQu9 |archive-date = 6 July 2013 |url-status = dead |access-date = 4 July 2013 }} The Wilberforce Lecture and award of the Wilberforce Medallion, which has taken place annually since 1995, celebrates the historic role of Hull and William Wilberforce in combating the abuse of human rights.{{cite web |access-date = 2 September 2017 |archive-date = 19 September 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170919235053/http://wilberforcelecturetrust.co.uk/ |url-status = dead

In April 2013 Hull put forward a bid to be the UK City of Culture in 2017,{{cite news | access-date = 1 May 2013}} reaching the shortlist of four in June 2013 along with Dundee, Leicester and Swansea Bay.{{cite news | access-date = 19 June 2013}} On 20 November 2013, Maria Miller, the Culture Secretary, announced that Hull had won the award to become the UK City of Culture 2017.{{cite news | access-date = 20 November 2013

Monopoly have released a version focusing on Hull, with attractions such as the Deep and St Stephens included.{{cite news | access-date = 29 September 2019}}

Museums

The Museums Quarter is a development on the High Street in the heart of the Old Town. It combines four museums around a leisure garden. The work cost £5.1 million and was carried out from 1998 to 2003, being formally opened by the Duke of Gloucester.

The Museums are Wilberforce House, the birthplace of William Wilberforce (1759–1833), the British politician, abolitionist and social reformer; the Arctic Corsair, a deep-sea trawler that was converted to a museum ship in 1999, on the adjacent River Hull; the Hull and East Riding Museum, showing the archaeology and history of the region; and the Streetlife Museum of Transport, which includes a sizeable collection of vintage cars, preserved public transport vehicles and horse-drawn carriages.

Other museums include the Hull Maritime Museum in Victoria Square, the Spurn Lightship,{{cite web |access-date = 25 February 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130530140428/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,631242&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |archive-date = 30 May 2013 |url-status = dead |access-date = 4 November 2007

Art and galleries

The civic art gallery is the Ferens Art Gallery on Queen Victoria Square, a Grade II listed building. It is named after Thomas Ferens who provided the funds for it. Other galleries include the three-storey Humber Street Gallery, in the former Fruit Market building which was opened in 2017 as part of Hull City of Culture. There are other smaller exhibition spaces.

Creations

Marine painter John Ward (1798–1849) was born, worked and died in Hull and a leading ship artist of his day.{{cite news |access-date = 1 December 2013}} Artist and Royal Academician David Remfry (born 1942) grew up in Hull and studied at the Hull College of Art (now part of Lincoln University) from 1959 to 1964. His tutor, Gerald T Harding, trained at the Royal College of Art, London and was awarded the Abbey Minor Travelling Scholarship in 1957 by the British School in Rome.{{cite news |access-date = 21 February 2009 Remfry has had two solo exhibitions at the Ferens Art Gallery in 1975 and 2005.

Hull has a number of historical statues such as the Wilberforce Memorial in Queen's Gardens and the gilded King William III statue on Market Place (known locally as "King Billy"). There is a statue of Hull-born Amy Johnson in Prospect Street{{cite web |access-date = 18 June 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110927044156/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/museumcollections/collections/storydetail.php?irn=108&master=454 |archive-date = 27 September 2011 |url-status = dead |access-date = 2 December 2010}}

In 2010 a public art event in Hull city centre entitled Larkin with Toads displayed 40 individually decorated giant toad models as the centrepiece of the Larkin 25 festival. Most of these sculptures have since been sold off for charity and transported to their new owners.{{cite news |access-date = 7 January 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120503101809/http://www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk/Toads-finishing-touches-hop-place-streets-Hull/story-11972100-detail/story.html |archive-date = 3 May 2012 |url-status = dead |access-date = 7 January 2017}}

In recent years a number of modern art sculptures and heritage trails have been installed around Hull. These include a figure looking out to the Humber called 'Voyage' which has a twin in Iceland. In July 2011, this artwork was reported stolen.{{cite web |access-date = 18 June 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110222140007/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,255392&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |archive-date = 22 February 2011 |url-status = dead |access-date = 26 July 2011 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120426080319/http://www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk/stole-300kg-fishermen-s-statue/story-13009663-detail/story.html |archive-date = 26 April 2012

The Seven Seas Fish Trail marks Hull's fishing heritage, leading its followers through old and new sections of the city, following a wide variety of sealife engraved in the pavement.{{cite web |access-date = 8 July 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080701162915/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,107647&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |archive-date = 1 July 2008 |url-status = dead | access-date = 7 January 2014}}

In 2019 a series of blue plaques appeared around Hull as part of the Alternative Heritage project.{{cite news |access-date = 4 August 2019 The art project was designed to celebrate the little known and quirky facts that make Hull the city it is. A variety of tongue in cheek and humorous blue plaques appeared over night celebrating everything from Chip Spice to The Beautiful South. New plaques continue to appear on a regular basis and their content has occasionally divided opinion in the city.{{cite news |access-date = 4 August 2019 |access-date = 4 August 2019

The "Dead Bod", a graffito originally painted on the Alexandria Dock, became a local landmark. It is now located in the Humber Street Gallery.

Three Ships mural

Main article: Co-op Mosaic

The mural is on a curved screen attached to the end-wall of the old city centre Co-operative store building sited at the intersection where Jameson Street meets King Edward Street, now a mainly pedestrianised area created for the City of Culture 2017.

Built by 1963 and later home to BHS, the building closed in 2016 with the collapse of BHS retail stores and was scheduled for demolition due to asbestos content. The building was listed as Grade II after lobbying by local pressure group Hull Heritage Action Group, potentially preventing demolition of the mural-wall. Specialist spraying to seal the building's internal structure has enabled moves to determine the actual level of asbestos in the mural-wall itself and provided a possible solution to incorporate the wall into a new development.

Theatres

The city has two main theatres. Hull New Theatre, which opened in 1939,{{cite web |access-date = 4 February 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080224071809/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,91128&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |archive-date = 24 February 2008 |url-status = dead |access-date = 25 February 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130119011846/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,624925&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |archive-date = 19 January 2013 |url-status = dead |access-date = 16 September 2017}} The Hull Truck Theatre is a smaller independent theatre, established in 1971,{{cite web |access-date = 16 May 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090410015759/http://hulltruck.co.uk/about-us/our-history |archive-date = 10 April 2009 |url-status = dead that regularly features plays, notably those written by John Godber.{{cite web |access-date = 16 May 2009 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090527091207/http://www.hulltruck.co.uk/about-us/john-godber |archive-date = 27 May 2009 }} Since April 2009, the Hull Truck Theatre has had a new £14.5 million, 440 seat venue in the St Stephen's Hull development.{{cite web |access-date = 25 April 2009}} |access-date = 4 October 2011 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110616061255/http://www.whatsonstage.com/blogs/yorkshire/2009/03/10/truck-announces-opening-programme-for-ferensway/ |archive-date = 16 June 2011 }} |access-date = 4 October 2011 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110929015742/http://www.hulltruck.co.uk/the-venue |archive-date = 29 September 2011 }} This replaced the former home of the Hull Truck Theatre on Spring Street, a complex of buildings demolished in 2011.{{cite web | access-date = 7 January 2014}} The playwright Alan Plater was brought up in Hull and was associated with Hull Truck Theatre.

Hull has produced several veteran stage and TV actors. Sir Tom Courtenay, Ian Carmichael and Maureen Lipman were born and brought up in Hull. Younger actors Reece Shearsmith and Debra Stephenson were also born in Hull.

In 1914, there were 29 cinemas in Hull but most of these have now closed. The first purpose-built cinema was the Prince's Hall in George Street which was opened in 1910 by Hull's theatre magnate, William Morton. It was subsequently renamed the Curzon.{{cite book

On 25 July 2018, a new 3,000 seat arena was opened to the public in the centre of the city.{{cite news | access-date = 26 July 2018}} It was officially opened on 20 August 2018, with a Van Morrison concert.{{cite web | access-date = 14 September 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180915042341/http://www.kcfm.co.uk/news/local-news/hulls-36-million-bonus-arena-officially-opening-tonight/ | archive-date = 15 September 2018 | url-status = dead

Festivals

The Humber Mouth literature festival is an annual event and the 2012 season featured artists such as John Cooper Clarke, Kevin MacNeil and Miriam Margolyes.{{cite web |access-date = 1 May 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130613154120/http://www.humbermouth.org.uk/ |archive-date = 13 June 2013 |url-status = dead |access-date = 16 July 2010}}

The annual Hull Jazz Festival takes place around the Marina area for a week at the beginning of August.{{cite web |access-date = 17 February 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080311004356/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,156111&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |archive-date = 11 March 2008 |url-status = dead

From 2008 Hull has also held its Freedom Festival, an annual free arts and live music event that celebrates freedom in all its forms.{{cite news |url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/local/humberside/hi/people_and_places/music/newsid_8241000/8241841.stm |access-date = 23 November 2009}} Performers have included Pixie Lott, JLS and Martha Reeves and The Vandellas, Public Service Broadcasting and The 1975 as well as featuring a torchlight procession, local bands like The Talks and Happy Endings from Fruit Trade Music label and a Ziggy Stardust photo exhibition including photos of the late-Hull-born Mick Ronson who worked with David Bowie.{{cite news |access-date = 7 September 2013 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130909072949/http://www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk/Freedom-Festival-Thousands-arrive-ahead-1975-gig/story-19767307-detail/story.html#axzz2eDDOsPtE |archive-date = 9 September 2013 |access-date = 2 September 2017

Early October sees the arrival of Hull Fair which is one of Europe's largest travelling funfairs and takes place on land adjacent to the MKM Stadium.{{cite web |access-date = 29 January 2008 |archive-date = 2 November 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071102181923/http://www.hullfair.net/ui/abouthome.htm |url-status = dead

The city's Pride in Hull festival is one of the largest free-to-attend LGBT+ Pride events in the UK, attracting in excess of 50,000 attendees. Headline performers have included Adore Delano, Louise Redknapp, Marc Almond, Nadine Coyle of Girls Aloud, and B*Witched.

The Hull Global Food Festival held its third annual event in the city's Queen Victoria Square for three days – 4–6 September 2009.{{cite web |access-date = 11 September 2009 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090922045944/http://www.hullglobalfoodfest.co.uk/ |archive-date = 22 September 2009 According to officials, the event in 2007 attracted 125,000 visitors and brought some £5 million in revenue to the area.{{cite web |access-date = 25 February 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120119110806/http://www.yorkshire-forward.com/news-events/news/local-news/businesses-sign-up-to-hull-food-festival |archive-date = 19 January 2012}} In 2007 the Hull Metalfest began in the Welly Club,{{cite web |access-date = 17 February 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211082859/http://www.thisisull.com/coming07/welly/634753982_metalfest07may07.html |archive-date = 11 December 2008 |url-status = dead The first Hull Comedy Festival, which included performers such as Stewart Lee and Russell Howard was held in 2007.{{cite web |access-date = 17 February 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080214073054/http://www.thisisull.com/news07/146776280_comedyfestival07.html |archive-date = 14 February 2008 |url-status = dead

In 2010, Hull marked the 25th anniversary of the death of the poet Philip Larkin with the Larkin 25 Festival. This included the popular Larkin with Toads public art event.{{cite web |archive-url = https://archive.today/20130505015645/http://www.hull.co.uk/news.asp?pageid=74&NewsID=1259&MediaCategoryID=3 |url-status = dead |archive-date = 5 May 2013 |access-date = 6 August 2010}}

In 2013, from 29 April to 5 May, Hull Fashion Week took place with various events happening in venues in and around Hull's City centre. It finished with a finale on 5 May at Hull Paragon Interchange, when recently reformed pop group Atomic Kitten appeared in a celebrity fashion show.{{cite news |access-date = 12 May 2013 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130526070955/http://www.hullfashion.co.uk/the-events/ |archive-date = 26 May 2013

The first Yellow Day Hull event, organised by Hull-born Preston Likely, was staged on 24 June 2017. Likely invited everybody in the city to participate in the event, encouraging all participants to either wear, carry or make something yellow in order to celebrate the city's history and culture.

On 3 August 2013, the second Humber Street Sesh Festival took place celebrating local music talent and arts, with several stages showcasing bands and artists from the Fruit Trade Music Label, Humber Street Sesh and Purple Worm Records.{{cite news |access-date = 24 September 2013 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130927083005/http://www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk/Awesome-Humber-Street-Sesh-weekend/story-19613740-detail/story.html#axzz2fpiJQpuQ |archive-date = 27 September 2013

In 2018, the 16th Pride in Hull festival saw attendees take part in the annual celebration of LGBT+ culture.

Charity

Kingston is home to the charity group The Society of M.I.C.E., modelled after the Grand Order of Water Rats. MICE stands for Men In Charitable Endeavour.

Cultural references

Poetry

Hull has attracted the attention of poets to the extent that Australian author Peter Porter described it as "the most poetic city in England".{{cite web |access-date = 25 February 2013 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130301080416/http://www2.hull.ac.uk/fass/english/about-us.aspx |archive-date = 1 March 2013

Philip Larkin set many of his poems in Hull, including "The Whitsun Weddings", "Toads", and "Here".{{cite web |access-date = 13 January 2008 Scottish-born Douglas Dunn's Terry Street, a portrait of working-class Hull life, is one of the outstanding poetry collections of the 1970s.{{cite web |access-date = 9 November 2007 |archive-date = 15 May 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090515142015/http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/arts/writingscotland/writers/douglas_dunn/works.shtml |url-status = dead Dunn forged close associations with such Hull poets as Peter Didsbury and Sean O'Brien. The works of some of these writers appear in the 1982 Bloodaxe anthology A Rumoured City, which Dunn edited.{{cite web |access-date = 13 January 2008 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070410080847/http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=authC2D9C28A0cb241D669uKk169F46C |archive-date = 10 April 2007 }} Andrew Motion, past Poet Laureate, lectured at the University of Hull between 1976 and 1981,{{cite web |access-date = 13 January 2008 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071001130129/http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth76 |archive-date = 1 October 2007 }} and Roger McGough studied there. Both poets spoke at the Humber Mouth Festival in 2010.{{cite web |access-date = 13 January 2008 |archive-date = 30 October 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081030025959/http://www.hull.ac.uk/arc/collection/literarymanuscripts/mcgough.html |url-status = dead |access-date = 13 January 2008 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071019051841/http://www.bloodaxebooks.com/personpage.asp?author=Maggie+Hannan |archive-date = 19 October 2007 David Wheatley,{{cite web |access-date=13 January 2008 |publisher=Tower Poetry |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071108034959/http://www.towerpoetry.org.uk/poetry-matters/march2007/wheatley.html |archive-date= 8 November 2007 |url-status=dead and Caitriona O'Reilly.{{cite web |access-date = 13 January 2008 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071019073221/http://www.bloodaxebooks.com/personpage.asp?author=Caitriona+O%27Reilly |archive-date = 19 October 2007

17th-century metaphysical poet and parliamentarian Andrew Marvell was born nearby, and grew up and received his education in the city.{{cite ODNB |access-date = 17 January 2010}} There is a statue in his honour in the Market Square (Trinity Square), set against the backdrop of his alma mater Hull Grammar School.{{cite news | url-access = subscription}}

Music

Classical

In the field of classical music, Hull is home to Sinfonia UK Collective (formerly Hull Sinfonietta, founded in 2004), a national and international touring group that serves Hull and its surrounding regions in its role as Ensemble in Residence at University of Hull,{{cite web |access-date = 18 November 2015 and also the Hull Philharmonic Orchestra, one of the oldest amateur orchestras in the country.{{cite web |access-date = 25 February 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110930212706/http://www.hullphilharmonic.org/about.html |archive-date = 30 September 2011}} and formerly The Hull Philharmonic Youth Orchestra, established in 1952,{{cite web |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040411153744/http://www.hpyo.co.uk/history.html |archive-date = 11 April 2004 |access-date = 5 March 2009 the Hull Choral Union, the Hull Bach Choir – which specialises in the performance of 17th- and 18th-century choral music – the Hull Male Voice Choir, the Arterian Singers and two Gilbert & Sullivan Societies: the Dagger Lane Operatic Society and the Hull Savoyards are also based in Hull. There are two brass bands, the East Yorkshire Motor Services Band, who are the current North of England Area Brass Band Champions,{{cite web |access-date = 21 February 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070524064338/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/hullinprint/archive/november2002/force_28.php |archive-date = 24 May 2007 |url-status = dead |access-date = 25 April 2008 and East Riding of Yorkshire Band who are the 2014 North of England Regional Champions within their section.{{cite web |access-date = 21 February 2008 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080304205608/http://www.eastridingofyorkshireband.co.uk/index.php |archive-date = 4 March 2008

Hull City Hall annually plays host to major British and European symphony Orchestras with its 'International Masters' orchestral concert season.{{cite web |access-date = 12 February 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100213100952/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/hullcityhall |archive-date = 13 February 2010 |url-status = dead |access-date = 12 February 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100216202258/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/HOME/LEISURE%20AND%20CULTURE/ARTS%20AND%20ENTERTAINMENT/THEATRES/HULL_CITY_HALL/INTMASTERS09_10.PDF |archive-date = 16 February 2010 |url-status = dead

In September 2013 a five-year partnership with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra was announced by the City Council.{{cite news |access-date = 24 September 2013}}

Rock, pop and folk

On the popular music scene, in the 1960s, Mick Ronson of the Hull band Rats worked closely with David Bowie and was heavily involved in production of the album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars. Ronson later went on to record with Lou Reed, Bob Dylan, Morrissey and the Wildhearts. There is a Mick Ronson Memorial Stage in Queen's Gardens in Hull.{{cite web |access-date = 25 February 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130530080014/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,655685&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |archive-date = 30 May 2013 |url-status = dead

In the 1980s, Hull groups such as the Red Guitars, the Housemartins and Everything but the Girl found mainstream success, followed by Kingmaker in the 1990s.{{cite web|url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/england/hull_and_east_yorkshire |access-date = 16 July 2013 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061029133835/http://www.bbc.co.uk/humber/music/raw_talent/vote/gods_of_rock/artists.shtml |archive-date = 29 October 2006}} Paul Heaton, former member of the Housemartins went on to front the Beautiful South.{{cite web |access-date = 25 April 2008 Another former member of the Housemartins, Norman Cook, now performs as Fatboy Slim.{{cite web |access-date = 28 November 2009 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091213162043/http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biographies/norman-cook.html |archive-date = 13 December 2009 In 1982, Hull-born Paul Anthony Cook, Stuart Matthewman and Paul Spencer Denman formed the group Sade. In 1984, the singer Helen Adu signed to CBS Records and the group released the album Diamond Life. The album had sales of four million copies.{{cite web |access-date = 1 December 2007 |archive-date = 14 November 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061114070046/http://www.musicdish.com/mag/bio.php3?author=17 |url-status = usurped

The pioneering industrial band Throbbing Gristle formed in Hull; Genesis P-Orridge (Neil Megson) attended Hull University between 1968 and 1969, where he met Cosey Fanni Tutti (Christine Newby), who was born in the city, and first became part of the Hull performance art group COUM Transmissions in 1970.{{cite book |author-link = Genesis P-Orridge |access-date = 12 June 2010}} |access-date = 23 January 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100110000847/http://www.artdesigncafe.com/Cosey-Fanni-Tutti-Genesis-P-Orridge-John-A-Walker-Art-and-Outrage-ADP-1-3-2009 |archive-date = 10 January 2010 |url-status = dead

The record label Pork Recordings started in Hull in the mid-1990s, and has released music by Fila Brazillia.{{cite web |access-date = 19 February 2008 }}

The New Adelphi is a popular local venue for alternative live music in the city, and has achieved notability outside Hull, having hosted such bands as the Stone Roses, Radiohead, Green Day, and Oasis in its history,{{cite web |access-date = 26 February 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081204101748/http://www.hullvibe.co.uk/venue/21/Adelphi.php |archive-date = 4 December 2008}} while the Springhead caters to a variety of bands and has been recognised nationally as a 'Live Music Pub of the Year'.{{cite web |access-date = 15 January 2010 |archive-date = 26 July 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070726181103/http://www.springheadpub.co.uk/aboutus.htm}}

In the 2000s, Hull indie rock band the Paddingtons saw mainstream success with two UK Top 40 singles in 2005,{{cite book | title-link= British Hit Singles & Albums

In the 1990s, the duo Scarlet from Hull had two Top 40 hits with "Independent Love Song" and "I Wanna Be Free (To Be With Him)" in 1995.{{cite book | title-link= British Hit Singles & Albums

The Humber Street Sesh night has released four DIY compilations featuring the cream of Hull's live music scene, and there are currently a few labels emerging in the city, including Purple Worm Records based at Hull College, with bands such as The Blackbirds showing a promising future.{{cite web |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080705172924/http://www.thisisull.com/music07/news/931491633_purpleworm.html |archive-date = 5 July 2008 |url-status = dead

Religion

Unlike many other English cities, Hull has no cathedral. Since 13 May 2017, the Holy Trinity Church (dating back to 1300) became a Minster, known as Hull Minster.{{cite web |access-date = 28 November 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071214044009/http://www.holy-trinity.org.uk/ |archive-date = 14 December 2007 }} |access-date = 16 May 2017}} It is a part of the Anglican Diocese of York and has a suffragan bishop.{{cite web |access-date = 9 July 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180914203314/http://www.newcastle.anglican.org/news-and-events/news-article.aspx?id=3897 |archive-date = 14 September 2018 |url-status = dead

Hull forms part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough's southern vicariate.{{cite web |access-date = 8 July 2008 St Charles Borromeo is the oldest post-Reformation Roman Catholic church in the city.{{cite web |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110727143732/http://www.oglestreet.org/index.php/history/647-history-of-the-parish |url-status = dead |archive-date = 27 July 2011 |access-date = 25 February 2013

There are several seamen's missions and churches in Hull. The Mission to Seafarers has a centre at West King George Dock{{cite web |access-date = 28 October 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071011003010/http://www.missiontoseafarers.org/ports.php?h=2&pt=UK_search.htm&port=Hull |archive-date = 11 October 2007}} and the St Nikolaj Danish Seamen's Church is located in Osborne Street.{{cite web |access-date = 28 October 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071004214016/http://www.lutheran.org.uk/local_danish.php |archive-date = 4 October 2007 |url-status = dead

Parks and green spaces

Hull has a large number of parks and green spaces. These include East Park, Pearson Park, Pickering Park, Peter Pan Park (Costello Playing fields), and West Park. West Park is home to Hull's MKM Stadium. Pearson Park contains a lake and a 'Victorian Conservatory' housing birds and reptiles. East Park has a large boating lake and a collection of birds and animals,{{cite web |access-date=17 June 2010}} the latest additions being a pair of rehomed Shetland ponies.{{cite news |access-date = 25 February 2013}}{{National Heritage List for England |access-date = 25 February 2013 |fewer-links = y}} The city centre has the large Queen's Gardens parkland at its heart. This was originally built as formal ornamental gardens used to fill in the former Queen's Dock. It is now a more flexible grassed and landscaped area used for concerts and festivals, but retains a large ornamental flower circus and fountain at its western end. In February 2022, the first phase of a £11.7 million redevelopment of the gardens began.{{cite web

A report by The Countryside Charity in October 2023 found that no Local Green Space designations had been made to protect any of the cities open spaces, but Hull City Council indicated that protection was offered in the 2017 Hull Local Plan.{{cite news

The streets of Hull's suburban areas also lined with large numbers of trees, particularly the Avenues area around Princes Avenue, and Boulevard to the west. Many of the old trees in the Avenues district have been felled in recent years with the stumps carved into a variety of 'living sculptures'.{{cite web |access-date = 9 June 2010}}

West Hull has a district known as 'Botanic'. This recalls the short-lived Botanic Garden that once existed on the site now occupied by Hymers College. Elephants once lived nearby in the former Zoological Gardens on Spring Bank and were paraded in the local streets.{{cite web |access-date = 17 June 2010}} The land has since been redeveloped. There was also a former Botanic Garden between Hessle Road and the Anlaby Road commemorated by Linnaeus Street.{{cite web |access-date = 17 June 2010 |archive-date = 7 July 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110707144140/http://www.anlabyroad.com/South/linnaeus/linnaeus-street-history.html |url-status = dead

Media

Hull's local daily newspaper is the Hull Daily Mail. The city was once served by three competing daily newspapers, all operating from the Whitefriargate area Eastern Morning News, Hull News and Hull and East Yorkshire Times. On 17 April 1930 the last edition of Evening News was published after the paper was taken over by the Hull Daily Mail.{{cite news | access-date=21 October 2024 | url-access = subscription}}

Local listings and what's-on guides include Tenfoot City Magazine and Sandman Magazine. The BBC has its Yorkshire and Lincolnshire regional headquarters at Queen's Gardens.{{cite web |access-date = 21 February 2008}}

Radio services broadcasting from the city are community radio stations, Hull's 107FM, 106.9 West Hull FM (formerly WHCR FM) and hospital radio station Kingstown Radio. The BBC's regional station BBC Radio Humberside is based in Hull and broadcasts to East Yorkshire & Northern Lincolnshire. Commercial stations for the city Hits Radio East Yorkshire & North Lincolnshire (formerly Viking FM) and Nation Radio East Yorkshire (formerly KCFM) broadcast from outside of Hull and are now part of a national network like Capital Yorkshire which has a base over 60 mi away in Leeds.{{cite web |access-date = 21 February 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090125041404/http://www.smilelocal.com/broadcasting/kingston_upon_hull |archive-date = 25 January 2009 |url-status = usurped The Hull University Union's student radio station Jam 1575, stopped broadcasting on MW.

Sport

Sports in the city include professional football, rugby league, rugby union, golf, darts, athletics, and watersports.{{cite web | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111010100927/http://www.visithullandeastyorkshire.com/sports/ | url-status = dead | archive-date = 10 October 2011 | access-date = 30 May 2015}}

The city's professional football club, Hull City A.F.C., play in the Championship, the second tier of the English football league system, after promotion, as champions, from League One, at the first time of asking, in the 2020–21 season.{{cite news | access-date = 1 May 2021}} The team play at the MKM Stadium. There are also two non-league clubs based in the city, Hall Road Rangers, and Hull United, who play at Haworth Park. The latter play in the Humber Premier League.

A popular sport in Hull is rugby league, with the city supplying two teams in to the Super League competition. The first is Hull FC, who were founded in 1865, and are one of the founding clubs of rugby league. They play at the MKM Stadium.{{cite web |access-date = 25 February 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130311001725/http://www.hullfc.com/page/1029/about-the-kc-stadium |archive-date = 11 March 2013 |url-status = dead | access-date = 23 January 2018}} There are also several lower league teams in the city, such as East Hull, West Hull, Hull Dockers and Hull Isberg, who all play in the National Conference League.{{cite web |access-date = 17 February 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070303021954/http://www.nationalconferenceleague.co.uk/ |archive-date = 3 March 2007 |url-status = dead

Rugby union is catered for by Hull Ionians who play at Brantingham Park.{{cite web |access-date = 20 February 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080111164216/http://www.hull-ionians.com/ |archive-date = 11 January 2008 |url-status = dead |access-date = 21 March 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100104023957/http://www.hullrugbyunion.co.uk/ |archive-date = 4 January 2010 From the 2023–04 season, both clubs will play in the National League 2 North.

The city has two athletics clubs based at the Costello Stadium in the west of the city – Kingston upon Hull Athletics Club{{cite web

Hull Cycle Speedway Club is at the Hessle raceway near the Humber bridge. The side race in the sports Northern league and won both the league titles in 2008. Other cycling clubs also operate including Hull Thursday, the area's road racing group.{{cite web

Hull Arena,{{cite web |access-date = 26 February 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121031041346/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,622818&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |archive-date = 31 October 2012 |url-status = dead |access-date = 26 February 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130530153701/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,630647&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |archive-date = 30 May 2013 |url-status = dead |access-date = 12 August 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100815074028/http://www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk/news/Fans-say-closure-Hull-Stingrays-great-loss-city/article-2517116-detail/article.html |archive-date = 15 August 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100820100055/http://www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk/news/Stingrays-business/article-2536188-detail/article.html |archive-date = 20 August 2010 But on 24 June 2015, the club announced on its official website that it has been placed into liquidation.{{cite news |access-date = 24 June 2015 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150624115147/http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/Elite-League-ice-hockey-club-Hull-Stingrays/story-26756788-detail/story.html |archive-date = 24 June 2015 |access-date = 24 June 2015 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150624112001/http://www.hullstingrays.net/article/549/Thank%20you%20for%20all%20your%20support |archive-date = 24 June 2015 }}

The Hull Hornets American football existed from 2005 until 2011. The club, which acquired full member status in the British American Football League on 5 November 2006, played in the BAFL Division 2 Central league for 5 years. The Humber Warhawks formed in 2013 became Hull's American football team. Greyhound racing returned to the city on 25 October 2007 when The Boulevard stadium re-opened as a venue for the sport.{{cite news |access-date = 14 February 2008 In mid-2006 Hull was home to the professional wrestling company One Pro Wrestling, which held the Devils Due event on 27 July in the Gemtec Arena.{{cite web |access-date = 1 February 2008 |access-date = 22 March 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110128085653/http://hullwrestling.com/ |archive-date = 28 January 2011 |url-status = dead

Hull Lacrosse Club was formed in 2008 and was in 2012 playing in the Premier 3 division of the North of England Men's Lacrosse Association.{{cite web |access-date = 1 October 2012}}

The city played host to the Clipper Round the World Yacht Race for the 2009–10 35000 mi race around the globe, which started on 13 September 2009 and finished on 17 July 2010.{{cite web |access-date = 27 April 2009 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090221102834/http://www.robinknox-johnston.co.uk/da/20092 |archive-date = 21 February 2009 |access-date = 13 September 2009}} |access-date = 18 July 2010}} The locally named yacht, Hull and Humber, captained by Danny Watson, achieved second place in the 2007–2008 race.{{cite web |access-date = 30 April 2009 |archive-date = 20 February 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090220144558/http://hullhumberclipper.com/ |url-status = usurped

The city hosted The British Open Squash Championships at the KC Stadium in 2013 and 2014, |access-date = 4 December 2012 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120926161934/http://www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk/Assem-Allam-brings-squash-s-tournament-KC-Stadium/story-16573637-detail/story.html |archive-date = 26 September 2012 | access-date = 18 March 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170318174330/http://squashmad.com/breaking-news/british-open-stays-in-hull-for-three-years/ | archive-date = 18 March 2017 | url-status = dead

Swimming is hosted at Beverley Road Baths, Woodford Leisure Centre, the Ennerdale Centre, and Albert Avenue Baths. Albert Avenue pools were established in 1933, with an outdoor pool which shut to swimmers in 1995, but has been used for canoe training. A major refurbishment to upgrade the complex and return outdoor swimming was announced in 2021, this included a fitness studio, gym and general upgrades. The £10.5 million refurbished facilities opened in August 2023.{{cite news

Transport

Hull Paragon Interchange, opened on 16 September 2007, is the city's transport hub, combining the existing main bus and rail termini in an integrated complex. In 2009, it was expected to have 24,000 people passing through the complex each day.

Railway

Hull Paragon Exchange is served by four train operating companies:

• Hull Trains operates regular express services to
• London North Eastern Railway runs one service per day to London King's Cross in each direction
• TransPennine Express operates a route to via
• Northern Trains operates regular local stopping trains to Halifax via , Leeds and ; to via and Selby; to via ; and to via and .

In the 1960s, Hull and Hornsea Railway and Hull and Holderness Railway branch lines closed, with all goods traffic transferred to the high-level line that circles the city.{{cite book

Buses

Bus services in and around the city are provided by East Yorkshire, a Go-Ahead Group company which was previously known as East Yorkshire Motor Services, and by Stagecoach in Hull.

To provide greater travel flexibility, bus users can obtain a Hull Card which can be used on services run by either operator.

Bridges

Murdoch's Connection[[File:Humber Bridge.png|thumb|left|The Humber Bridge from the south bank]] Hull is close to the Humber Bridge, which provides links to south of the river Humber. It was built between 1972 and 1981, and at that time was the longest single-span suspension bridge in the world. It is, as of 2024, twelfth on the list. Before the bridge was built, those wishing to cross the Humber had to either take a Humber Ferry or travel inland as far as Goole.

In March 2021, a new footbridge was opened connecting the city to Princes Quay waterfront, marina and fruit market over Castle Street, a dual carriageway road also designated A63. Named Murdoch's Connection after Hull's first female doctor, GP Mary Murdoch, the name was nominated by pupils from Newland School for Girls in Newland, Hull. Works began in autumn 2018 but progress was delayed due to the coronavirus pandemic. There was no opening ceremony due to distancing restrictions; instead, videos were compiled. Members of the public have been requested not to attach love locks.

Ports

P&O Ferries provide daily overnight ferry services from King George Dock in Hull to Rotterdam.{{cite web |url=http://www.poferries.com/tourist/content/pages/template/routes_hull_-zeebrugge_routes-hull-_zeebrugge.htm Services to Rotterdam are worked by ferries MS Pride of Rotterdam and . Previous Services to Zeebrugge were worked by ferries MS Pride of Bruges and MS Pride of York (previously named ). Both Pride of Rotterdam and Pride of Hull are too wide to pass through the lock at Hull. Associated British Ports built a new terminal at Hull to accommodate the passengers using these two ferries. The Rotterdam Terminal at the Port of Hull, was built at a cost of £14.3 million. In January 2021, P&O Ferries ceased their overnight ferry to Zeebrugge.

Airports

The nearest airport is Humberside Airport, 20 mi away in Lincolnshire, which provides a few charter flights but also has high-frequency flights to Amsterdam with KLM and Aberdeen with Eastern Airways each day.

The nearest airport with intercontinental flights is Leeds Bradford Airport is 70 mi away.

Cycling

According to the 2001 census data cycling in the city is well above the national average of 2%, with a 12% share of the travel to work traffic.{{cite web | access-date = 22 October 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151109193509/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/HOME/COUNCIL%20GOVERNMENT%20AND%20DEMOCRACY/ABOUT%20HULL%20CITY%20COUNCIL/COUNCIL%20POLICIES%20AND%20PLANS/TRANSPORT%20AND%20STREETS%20STRATEGIES/CYCLING%20STRATEGY/CYCLING_STRATEGY_2003.PDF | archive-date = 9 November 2015 | url-status = dead | access-date = 20 November 2013}}

Roads

The main road into and out of Hull is the M62 motorway/A63 road, one of the main east–west routes in Northern England. It provides a link to the cities of Leeds, Manchester and Liverpool, as well as the rest of the country via the UK motorway network. The motorway itself ends some distance from the city; the rest of the route is along the A63 dual carriageway. This east–west route forms a small part of the European road route E20.

Road transport in Hull suffers from delays caused both by the many bridges over the navigable River Hull, which bisects the city and can cause disruption at busy times.

The city has three railway level crossings in the city; it formerly had more with bridges built to go over the tracks on Hessle Road in 1962 and Anlaby Road in 1964. A nearby road was renamed from Garrison Road to Roger Millward Way in 2018, after rugby player Roger Millward who played for Hull Kingston Rovers. The developments are part of a wider improvement and redevelopment scheme.

Infrastructure

Telephone system

Hull is the only city in the UK with its own independent telephone network company, KCOM, formerly KC and Kingston Communications, a subsidiary of KCOM Group. Its distinctive cream telephone boxes can be seen across the city. KCOM produces its own 'White Pages' telephone directory for Hull and the wider KC area. Colour Pages is KCOM's business directory, the counterpart to Yellow Pages. The company was formed in 1902 as a municipal department by the City Council and is an early example of municipal enterprise. It remains the only locally operated telephone company in the UK, although it is now privatised. KCOM's Internet brands are Karoo Broadband (ISP serving Hull) and Eclipse (national ISP).{{cite web |access-date=5 October 2007 |work=Kingston Communications |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829220741/http://www.kcom.com/centenary/historyinwords/default.asp?NavID=3 |archive-date=29 August 2007 |url-status=dead Initially Hull City Council retained a 44.9 per cent interest in the company and used the proceeds from the sale of shares to fund the city's sports venue, the MKM Stadium, among other things.{{cite web |access-date = 5 December 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071206003855/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/hullinprint/archive/december2002/full_circle.php |archive-date = 6 December 2007 |url-status = dead |access-date = 6 June 2008

KCOM (Kingston Communications) was one of the first telecoms operators in Europe to offer ADSL to business users, and the first in the world to run an interactive television service using ADSL, known as Kingston Interactive TV (KiT), which has since been discontinued due to financial problems.{{cite web |access-date = 23 July 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110713071013/http://itvt.com/2006/03/02/kingston-interactive-television-to-cease-operations |archive-date = 13 July 2011 |url-status = dead |access-date = 5 March 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090122064414/http://www.top10-broadband.co.uk/news/2007/04/kingston_communications_on_target_to_expand_its_broadband_base/ |archive-date = 22 January 2009 |url-status = dead |access-date = 10 June 2010}} Telephone House, on Carr Lane, the firm's 1960s-built headquarters, in stark modernist style, is a local landmark.

In October 2019, Hull became the first UK city to have full fibre broadband available for all residents.{{cite news | access-date = 10 October 2019}}

Hydraulic power

The first public hydraulic power network, supplying many companies, was constructed in Hull. The Hull Hydraulic Power Company began operation in 1877, with Edward B. Ellington as its engineer and the main pumping station (now a Grade II listed building) in Catherine Street. Ellington was involved in most British networks, including those in London, Liverpool, Birmingham, Manchester and Glasgow, but the advent of electrical power combined with wartime damage meant the Hull company was wound up in 1947.

Public services

Policing in Kingston upon Hull is provided by Humberside Police. In October 2006 the force was named (jointly with Northamptonshire Police) as the worst-performing police force in the United Kingdom, based on data released from the Home Office.{{cite news |access-date = 9 November 2006 However, after a year of "major improvements", the Home Office list released in October 2007 shows the force rising several places (although still among the bottom six of 43 forces rated). Humberside Police received ratings of "good" or "fair" in most categories.{{cite news |access-date = 9 October 2007

HM Prison Hull is located in the city and is operated by HM Prison Service. It caters for up to 1,000 Category B/C adult male prisoners.{{cite web |access-date = 26 January 2012

Statutory emergency fire and rescue service is provided by the Humberside Fire and Rescue Service, which has its headquarters near Hessle and five fire stations in Hull. This service was formed in 1974 following local government reorganisation from the amalgamation of the East Riding of Yorkshire County Fire Service, Grimsby Borough Fire and Rescue Service, Kingston Upon Hull City Fire Brigade and part of the Lincoln (Lindsey) Fire Brigade and a small part of the West Riding of Yorkshire County Fire and Rescue Service.{{cite web |access-date = 20 July 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080419065023/http://www.humbersidefire.gov.uk/default.asp |archive-date = 19 April 2008 |url-status = dead

Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust provides healthcare from three sites, Hull Royal Infirmary, Castle Hill Hospital and, until 2008, Princess Royal Hospital{{cite web |access-date = 20 July 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080529013921/http://www.hey.nhs.uk/ |archive-date = 29 May 2008 |url-status = dead |access-date = 20 July 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110717080128/http://www.touchlocal.com/nat/c-1034-t-13544-Hospitals-Hull |archive-date = 17 July 2011 |url-status = dead |access-date = 20 July 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080619082622/http://www.yas.nhs.uk/default.html |archive-date = 19 June 2008 |url-status = dead |access-date = 1 May 2013 |url-status = dead |archive-date = 5 May 2013 NHS Mental health services in Hull are provided by Humber NHS Foundation Trust. It runs a memory clinic in Coltman Street, west Hull designed to help older people with early onset dementia.{{cite news |archive-url = https://archive.today/20130505140729/http://www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk/news/Campaigners-plea-help-raise-funds-makeover-memory-clinic/article-2551196-detail/article.html |url-status = dead |archive-date = 5 May 2013 |access-date = 20 August 2010

Waste management is co-ordinated by the local authority. The Waste Recycling Group is a company which works in partnership with the Hull City and East Riding of Yorkshire councils to deal with the waste produced by residents.{{cite web |access-date = 20 July 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080701140051/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/HOME/COUNCIL%20GOVERNMENT%20AND%20DEMOCRACY/COUNCILS/COUNCIL%20POLICIES%20AND%20PLANS/SUSTAINABLE%20WASTE/FINAL%20JOINT%20STRATEGY%20DOCUMENT%20ADOPTED%20MARCH%20061.PDF |archive-date = 1 July 2008 |url-status = dead |access-date = 20 July 2008 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090124181347/http://publications.environment-agency.gov.uk/epages/eapublications.storefront/4883688e027fe86e273fc0a8029606f7/Product/View/GENE0506BKSI-E-E |archive-date = 24 January 2009 at both Elvington and Loftsome Bridge can be moved to Hull via the Yorkshire water grid. There are many reservoirs in the area for storage of potable and non-potable water. Waste water and sewage has to be transported in a wholly pumped system because of the flat nature of the terrain to a sewage treatment works at Salt End. The treatment works is partly powered by both a wind turbine{{cite news

Education

Higher education

University of Hull

Kingston upon Hull is home to the University of Hull, which was founded in 1927{{cite web |access-date = 22 October 2018}} and received its Royal Charter in 1954. It now has a total student population of around 20,000 across its main campuses in Hull and Scarborough.{{cite web |access-date = 16 June 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100213091256/http://www2.hull.ac.uk/theuniversity/facts.aspx |archive-date = 13 February 2010 The main University campus is in North Hull, on Cottingham Road. Notable alumni include former Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott, social scientist Lord Anthony Giddens, Woman's Hour presenter and writer Jenni Murray, Professor of Vaccinology at the University of Oxford and co-developer of the Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine Dame Sarah Gilbert, Nobel Prize laureate and Professor of Economics at Stanford Graduate School of Business Guido Imbens, and the Oscar winning film director Anthony Minghella. The University of Hull is a partner in the new University Centre of the Grimsby Institute of Further and Higher Education (GIFE) being built in Grimsby, North Lincolnshire.{{cite web |access-date = 19 June 2010 |publisher = GIFHE |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100424003000/http://www.grimsby.ac.uk/UC-Build/ |archive-date = 24 April 2010 |url-status = dead

University of Lincoln

The University of Lincoln grew out of the University of Humberside, a former polytechnic based in Hull. In the 1990s the focus of the institution moved to nearby Lincoln and the administrative headquarters and management moved in 2001.{{cite web |access-date = 26 February 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100201090928/http://www.lincoln.ac.uk/home/about/history.htm |archive-date = 1 February 2010}} The University of Lincoln has retained a campus in George Street in Hull city centre whilst Hull University purchased the adjacent University of Lincoln campus site on Cottingham Road.{{cite web |access-date = 7 October 2007 |archive-date = 6 October 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071006210855/http://www.lincoln.ac.uk/home/locations/index.htm |url-status = dead

Specialist

Hull York Medical School is a joint venture between the University of Hull and the University of York. It first admitted students in 2003 as a part of the British government's attempts to train more doctors.{{cite web |access-date = 5 October 2007 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071006005724/http://www.hyms.ac.uk/about/ |archive-date = 6 October 2007

The Northern Academy of Performing Arts{{cite web |access-date = 15 January 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120119041721/http://www.northerntheatreschool.co.uk/index.php?page_id=3 |archive-date = 19 January 2012 both provide education in musical theatre, performance and dance.

The Hull School of Art, founded in 1861, is regarded nationally and internationally for its excellence as a specialist creative centre for higher education.{{cite web |access-date = 14 January 2010 |publisher = Hull School of Art and Design |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100903113031/http://www.artdesignhull.ac.uk/school/ |archive-date = 3 September 2010 }}

Colleges

There is a further education college, Hull College,{{cite web |access-date = 7 October 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071006115644/http://www.hull-college.ac.uk/ |archive-date = 6 October 2007 |url-status = dead |access-date = 28 November 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100131005611/http://www.wyke.ac.uk/about-wyke |archive-date = 31 January 2010 |url-status = dead |access-date = 7 October 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071009140817/http://www.wilberforce.ac.uk/ |archive-date = 9 October 2007 |url-status = dead |access-date = 10 March 2010 and Endeavour Learning and Skills Centre is an adult education provision operated by Hull Training & Adult Education.{{cite web |access-date = 23 May 2019

Schools

Hull has over 100 local schools; of these, Hull City Council supports 14 secondary and 71 primary schools.{{cite web |access-date = 7 October 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070825162813/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,52617&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |archive-date = 25 August 2007 |url-status = dead |access-date = 8 January 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130723022231/http://www.maletlambert.co.uk/ |archive-date = 23 July 2013 |url-status = dead |access-date = 7 October 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071007060455/http://www.hymers.hull.sch.uk/ |archive-date = 7 October 2007 |url-status = dead |access-date = 7 October 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071112033324/http://www.hullcollegiateschool.co.uk/index.php?%2Fhome |archive-date = 12 November 2007 |url-status = dead |access-date = 7 October 2007 |year = 2005 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071017061410/http://hulltrinity.net/homedir/history.htm |archive-date = 17 October 2007 |url-status = dead

The city has had a poor examination success rate for many years and is often at the bottom of government GCSE league tables.{{cite news |access-date = 24 October 2007 |access-date = 4 November 2007 In 2007 the city moved off the bottom of these tables for pupils who achieve five A* to C grades, including English and Maths, at General Certificate of Secondary Education by just one place when it came 149th out of 150 local education authorities. However, the improvement rate of 4.1 per cent, from 25.9 per cent in 2006 to 30 per cent in summer 2007, was among the best in the country.{{cite news |access-date = 23 January 2008 They returned to the bottom of the table in 2008 when 29.3 per cent achieved five A* to C grades which is well below the national average of 47.2 per cent.{{cite news |access-date = 17 October 2008 There are insufficient places in referral units for school children with special needs or challenging behaviour due to squeezed budgets and cuts to children's services.{{cite news |access-date = 22 March 2018}}

Dialect and accent

The local accent is quite distinctive and noticeably different from the rest of the East Riding; however it is still categorised among Yorkshire accents. The most notable feature of the accent is the strong I-mutation in words like goat, which is in standard English and across most of Yorkshire, becomes ("gert") in and around parts of Hull (cf. similar refined pronunciations in Leeds/York), although there is variation across areas and generations. In common with much of England (outside of the far north), another feature is dropping the H from the start of words, for example Hull is more often pronounced 'Ull in the city. The vowel in "Hull" is pronounced the same way as in northern English, however, and not as the very short that exists in Lincolnshire. Though the rhythm of the accent is more like that of northern Lincolnshire than that of the rural East Riding, which is perhaps due to migration from Lincolnshire to the city during its industrial growth, one feature that it does share with the surrounding rural area is that an sound in the middle of a word often becomes an : for example, "five" may sound like "fahve", "time" like "tahme".{{cite web |access-date = 15 March 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080409035309/http://www.ling.lancs.ac.uk/staff/kerswill/pkpubs/WilliamsKerswill1999UrbanVoices.pdf |archive-date = 9 April 2008 |url-status = dead

The SQUARE–NURSE merger is a feature of Hull's dialect. The vowel sound in words such as burnt, nurse, first is pronounced with an sound, as is also heard in Middlesbrough and in areas of Liverpool yet this sound is very uncommon in most of Yorkshire. The word pairs spur/spare and fur/fair illustrate this.{{cite web |access-date = 23 April 2008 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080505034434/http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/dick/projects.htm |archive-date = 5 May 2008 The generational and/or geographic variation can be heard in word pairs like pork/poke or cork/coke, or hall/hole, which some people pronounce almost identically, sounding to non-locals like they are using the second of the two variations – while others make more of a vocal distinction; anyone called "Paul" (for example) soon becomes aware of this (pall/pole).{{cite web |access-date = 23 April 2008

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Kingston upon Hull

:Most of the notable people associated with the city can be found in the People from Kingston upon Hull and People associated with the University of Hull categories.

People from Hull are called "Hullensians"{{cite web |access-date = 23 February 2009}} and the city has been the birthplace and home to many notable people. Amongst those of historic significance with a connection to Hull are former city MP William Wilberforce who was instrumental in the abolition of slavery{{cite web |access-date = 16 April 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071109004156/http://www.wilberforce2007.com/index.php?%2Fabolition_of_slavery%2Fwilliam_wilberforce%2F |archive-date = 9 November 2007 |url-status = dead and Amy Johnson, aviator who was the first woman to fly solo from England to Australia.{{cite web |access-date = 16 April 2008 |archive-date = 27 March 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090327124221/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/HOME/LEISURE%20AND%20CULTURE/LOCAL%20HISTORY%20AND%20HERITAGE/AMYJOHNSON.PDF |url-status = dead

Hullensian entertainers include Dorothy Mackaill, 1950s singer David Whitfield, sports commentator Tony Green, actors Sir Tom Courtenay, Ian Carmichael, John Alderton,{{cite encyclopedia actress Maureen Lipman{{cite web |access-date = 16 April 2008 and Reece Shearsmith. Playwrights Richard Bean, John Godber and Alan Plater have close connections with Hull.{{cite web |access-date = 10 May 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080725050038/http://www.britishtheatreguide.info/otherresources/interviews/RichardBean.htm |archive-date = 25 July 2008 |url-status = dead |access-date = 16 April 2008

Notable Hullensian musicians include Paul Heaton of the bands The Housemartins and The Beautiful South, guitarist Mick Ronson and bassist Trevor Bolder, who worked with David Bowie and best known for his long association with London's Uriah Heep, and 2000s indie rock band The Paddingtons.{{cite web

The astrophysicist Edward Arthur Milne and logician John Venn both hailed from Hull. The poet Philip Larkin lived in Hull for 30 years and wrote much of his mature work in the city. An earlier poet, Andrew Marvell represented the city in Parliament during the 17th century.{{cite web

Chemist George Gray, who had a 45-year career at the university, developed the first stable liquid crystals that became an immediate success for the screens of all sorts of electronic gadgets.

Robert Russell Race (1907–1984), medical doctor and human geneticist, was born in Hull.

Notable sportspeople include Ebenezer Cobb Morley (16 August 1831 – 20 November 1924), an English sportsman who is regarded as the father of the Football Association and modern football. Clive Sullivan, rugby league player, who played for both of Hull's professional rugby league teams, was the first black Briton to captain any national representative team.{{cite web |access-date = 16 April 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080513081210/http://www.100greatblackbritons.com/bios/clive_sullivan.htm |archive-date = 13 May 2008 |url-status = dead |access-date = 26 October 2010 |access-date = 22 February 2010

Hull-born Karl Bushby is a British author and ex-paratrooper, walking from Punta Arenas to Hull.

On accepting a peerage, Welsh-born Baron Prescott of Kingston-upon-Hull (former MP and Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott) took his title from his adopted home city of Hull.{{cite news |access-date = 28 October 2010}}

International relations

Hull has formal twinning arrangements with:{{cite journal |access-date = 29 May 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090516073730/http://www.city-visitor.com/hull/information.html |archive-date = 16 May 2009 |url-status = dead

• Chișinău, Moldova
• Freetown, Sierra Leone
• Fengtai, Beijing, China
• Niigata, Japan
• Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
• Reykjavík, Iceland
• Rotterdam, Netherlands
• Szczecin, Poland

The following cities are named directly after Hull:

• Hull, Massachusetts, United States{{cite web |access-date = 30 September 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071014023514/http://epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=2990 |archive-date = 14 October 2007 |url-status = dead
• Hull, Quebec, Canada{{cite web |access-date = 30 September 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071013112731/http://ca.epodunk.com/profiles/quebec/hull/2004225.html |archive-date = 13 October 2007 |url-status = dead

Freedom of the City

The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the City of Kingston upon Hull.

Individuals

• Desmond Tutu: 2 July 1987.
• Helen Suzman: 2 July 1987.
• Nelson Mandela: 2 July 1987.
• John Prescott: 1 August 1996.
• Kevin McNamara: 16 January 1997.
• Jean Bishop – "Bee Lady": 23 November 2017.
• Sir Thomas Courtenay: 18 January 2018.
• Yvonne Blenkinsop: 15 November 2018.
• Carol Thomas: 22 September 2022.
• Patrick Doyle: 17 November 2022.
• Tommy Coyle:19 November 2025.
• Neil Hudgell:19 November 2025.

Military units

• The East Yorkshire Regiment: 1 June 1944.
• The Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire: 20 February 1959.
• The Yorkshire Regiment: 16 November 2006.
• 440 (Humber) light Anti-Aircraft Regiment Royal Artillery (TA): 24 September 1960.
• 440 (Humber) light Anti-Aircraft Regiment Royal Artillery (Territorials): 3 August 1967.
• RAF Patrington: 16 May 1970.
• 150(N) Transport Regiment Royal Corps of Transport (Volunteers): 1 February 1990.
• RRH Staxton Wold: 3 March 1994.
• 150 (Yorkshire) Transport Regiment Royal Logistic Corps (Volunteers): 3 March 1994.
• , RN: 3 March 1994.
• 250th Field Ambulance (Volunteer Unit): 15 July 1999.
• Hull Unit Sea Cadet Corps: 27 February 2014.
• Humberside and South Yorkshire Army Cadet Force: 21 March 2024.
• 152 (City of Hull) Squadron Air Training Corps: 21 March 2024.

Notes

Notes

:There was no census in 1941: figures are from National Register. United Kingdom and Isle of Man. Statistics of Population on 29 September 1939 by Sex, Age and Marital Condition. :The Hull Daily Mail article indicates the 1991 population was 254,117. :There is a discrepancy of 6 between Office for National Statistics figures (quoted before) and those on the Vision of Britain website (quoted here). :The Hull Daily Mail article indicates the 2001 population was 246,355.

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