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King of Italy

Title of Italian monarchs before 1946

Field	Value
royal_title	King
realm	Italy
native_name	Re d'Italia
border
coatofarms	Great coat of arms of the king of italy (1890-1946).svg
coatofarms_article
coatofarms_link
type	other
his/her	His
image	Umberto II, 1944.jpg
caption	**Last to reign
Umberto II**
9 May – 12 June 1946
first_monarch	Odoacer
last_monarch	Umberto II
formation
abolition
residence	Quirinal Palace
pretender	Disputed:

| his/her = His Umberto II** 9 May – 12 June 1946

Emanuele Filiberto, Prince of Venice
Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta

King of Italy (; ) was the title given to the ruler of the Kingdom of Italy after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The first to take the title was Odoacer, a barbarian warlord, in the late 5th century, followed by the Ostrogothic kings up to the mid-6th century. With the Frankish conquest of Italy in the 8th century, the Carolingians assumed the title, which was maintained by subsequent Holy Roman Emperors throughout the Middle Ages. The last Emperor to claim the title was Charles V in the 16th century. During this period, the holders of the title were crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy.

A Kingdom of Italy was restored from 1805 to 1814 with Napoleon as its only king, centred in Northern Italy. It was not until the Italian unification in the 1860s that an independent Kingdom of Italy covering the entire Italian Peninsula was restored. From 1861 the House of Savoy held the title of King of Italy until the last king, Umberto II, was exiled in 1946 when Italy became a republic.

History

After the deposition of the last Western Emperor in 476, Odoacer was appointed Dux Italiae (Duke of Italy) by the reigning Byzantine Emperor Zeno. Later, the Germanic foederati, the Scirians and the Heruli, as well as a large segment of the Italic Roman army, proclaimed Odoacer Rex Italiae ('King of Italy). In 493, the Ostrogothic king Theoderic the Great killed Odoacer, and set up a new dynasty of kings of Italy. Ostrogothic rule ended when Italy was reconquered by the Byzantine Empire in 552.

In 568, the Lombards entered the peninsula and ventured to recreate a barbarian kingdom in opposition to the Empire, establishing their authority over much of Italy, except the Exarchate of Ravenna and the duchies of Rome, Venetia, Naples and the southernmost portions. In the 8th century, estrangement between the Italians and the Byzantines allowed the Lombards to capture the remaining Roman enclaves in northern Italy. However, in 774, they were defeated by the Franks under Charlemagne, who deposed their king and took up the title "king of the Lombards". After the death of Charles the Fat in 887, Italy fell into instability and a number of kings attempted to establish themselves as independent Italian monarchs. During this period, known as the Feudal Anarchy (888–962), the title Rex Italicorum ("King of the Italians" or "King of the Italics") was introduced. After the breakup of the Frankish Empire, Otto I added Italy to the Holy Roman Empire and continued the use of the title Rex Italicorum. The last to use this title was Henry II (1004–1024). Subsequent emperors used the title "King of Italy" until Charles V. They were crowned in Pavia, Milan and Bologna.

In 1805, Napoleon was crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy at the Milan Cathedral. The next year, Holy Roman Emperor Francis II abdicated his imperial title. From the deposition of Napoleon (1814) until the unification of Italy (1861), there was no Italian monarch claiming the overarching title. The Risorgimento successfully established the House of Savoy dynasty over the whole peninsula and, uniting the kingdoms of Sardinia and the Two Sicilies, it formed the modern Kingdom of Italy. The monarchy was superseded by the Italian Republic, after a institutional referendum was held on 2 June 1946, after World War II. The Italian monarchy formally ended on 12 June of that year and Umberto II left the country.

As "[[Odoacer#Duke of Italy|Kingdom of Odoacer]]"

Initially named Dux Italiae (Duke of Italy) by Zeno, the Roman Emperor in Constantinople, he later was recognized as King of Italy by the foederati in control of the Italian peninsula. He was deposed by the Ostrogoths, who established their own kingdom.

Image	Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be King
[[File:Coin of Odoacer at the British Museum (obverse).jpg	center	133x133px]]	Odoacer	c. 433 – 15 March 493 AD	4 September 476	15 March 493

[[Ostrogothic Kingdom]] (493–553)

Theodoric the Great was invited by the emperor Zeno to take Italy from Odoacer and rule it in Zeno's name. He defeated Odoacer in 493, establishing a new kingdom in place of Odoacer's. Officially, the Ostrogothic kings ruled the Roman citizens in Italy as a viceroy of the Roman emperors, and their own Gothic people as their king, though functionally they ran their kingdom entirely independently from the Roman authority in Constantinople. Their greatest extent was during Theodoric's reign; as Roman Emperors from the east began to exert more power and retake control of Roman territory, the last Ostrogothic king fell to the Emperor Justinian in 553.

Image	Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be King
[[File:Teodorico re dei Goti (493-526) white.jpg	center	100x100px]]	Theodoric the Great	454 – 30 August 526	15 March 493	30 August 526
[[File:Diptych Athalaric.jpg	center	128x128px]]	Athalaric	c. 516 – 2 October 534	526	2 October 534
[[File:Ritratto femminile di tipo ariadne-amalasunta, 480-525 dc ca, da s.m. ai monti (musei capitolini).jpg	center	172x172px]]	Queen Amalasuintha	495 – 30 April 535	2 October 534	30 April 535
[[File:Münze Follis Ostgoten Rom Theodahat (obverse).jpg	center	100x100px]]	Theodahad	c. 480 – December 536	535	December 536
[[File:Quarter Siliqua of Witigis cropped.jpg	center	100x100px]]	Vitiges	? – 542	536	540
[[File:Portret van Ildobaldo, RP-P-1909-6130.jpg	center	149x149px]]	Ildibad	? – 541	540	541
	Eraric	? – 541	541	541
[[File:Francesco Salviati - Portrait of Totila, c. 1549.jpg	center	137x137px]]	Totila	? – 1 July 552	541	1 July 552
[[File:Quarter Siliqua of Theia, 552 AD cropped.jpg	center	100x100px]]	Teia	? – 552/553	552	552/553

Interregnum (527–578)

Byzantine Roman authority in Italy was briefly re-established under Justinian, though his gains were lost under his successor Justin II, after a new Germanic tribe, the Lombards, invaded from the north and established their kingdom in 568.

Image	Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be King
[[File:Mosaic of Justinianus I - Basilica San Vitale (Ravenna).jpg	center	133x133px]]	Justinian I	482 – 14 November 565	1 April 527	14 November 565
[[File:Solidus of Justin II (obverse).jpg	center	100x100px]]	Justin II	?– 5 October 578	14 November 565	5 October 578

[[Kingdom of the Lombards]] (568–756)

Main article: List of kings of the Lombards

The Lombards under Alboin established their kingdom in the extreme north of Italy in 568, gradually pushing the Byzantine Romans back from the peninsula until only the Exarchate of Ravenna remained under Roman control. This finally fell in the 750s, with the Lombards gaining control of most of the peninsula. The last Lombard King of Italy, Desiderius, was deposed by his son-in-law Charlemagne, who folded it into the larger Carolingian Empire, which evolved over time into the Holy Roman Empire.

Image	Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be King
[[File:Nuremberg chronicles f 147v 1.jpg	center	135x135px]]	Alboin	530s – 28 June 572	568	572
	Cleph	? – 574	572	574
	Rule of the Dukes (interregnum)	574 – 584	574	584
[[File:Nuremberg chronicles f 150r 1.jpg	center	120x120px]]	Authari	c. 550 – 5 September 590	584	September 590
[[File:Nuremberg chronicles f 150r 3.jpg	center	136x136px]]	Agilulf	c. 555 – April 616	591	616
	Adaloald	602-628		626
[[File:Emanuele Tesauro Arioald.jpg	center	145x145px]]	Arioald	? – 636	626	636
[[File:The Lombard King Rothari (or Rotari) (died 652) of the manuscript (ms. 4) Codex Legum Longobardorum.png	center	100x100px]]	Rothari	606 – 652	636	652
	Rodoald	630– 653	652	653
[[File:FLAVIO ARIBERTO, REY DE ITALIA.jpg	center	139x139px]]	Aripert I	? – 661	653	661
[[File:FLAVIO BERTARIDO, REY DE ITALIA.jpg	center	144x144px	Perctarit]]	Perctarit & Godepert	? – 668	661	662
[[File:Grimoaldo di Benevento e Italia.jpg	center	124x124px]]	Grimoald	610 – 671	662	671
	Garibald	655 - 671	671	671
[[File:FLAVIO BERTARIDO, REY DE ITALIA.jpg	center	144x144px]]	Perctarit (restored)	? – 688	671	688
	Alahis	680 – 689	688	689
[[File:Cunincpert tremissis 612190 reverse.jpg	center	100x100px]]	Cunincpert	? – 700	689	700
[[File:Liutpert.jpg	center	166x166px]]	Liutpert	?– 702	700	701
	Raginpert	? - 701	701	701
[[File:Tremisse di ariperto II con s. michele, ticinum-pavia 701-712, 03.jpg	center	100x100px]]	Aripert II	? – 712	701	712
[[File:FLAVIO ANSPRANDO, REY DE ITALIA.jpg	center	133x133px]]	Ansprand	657 -712	712	712
[[File:Luitprand tremissis 661673 (obverse).jpg	center	100x100px]]	Liutprand	680 – 744	712	744
	Hildeprand	?- 744	744	744
[[File:Cividale Ratchis1.JPG	center	100x100px]]	Ratchis	? – 749	744	749
[[File:Aistulf follis 80000860.jpg	center	100x100px]]	Aistulf	? – 756	749	756
[[File:Tremisse di Re Desiderio, Dominio Longobardo.jpg	center	100x100px]]	Desiderius	–	756	774

[[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)#Constituent of the Carolingian Empire|Kingdom of Italy]] (781–962)

[[Carolingian Dynasty]] (774–887)

Charlemagne ruled over northern Italy as King of the Lombards. In 781, he named his son Pepin as King of Italy, though he still maintained suzerainty over the land. Charlemagne was crowned Roman Emperor in 800, while the Kingdom of Italy became one of the constituent kingdoms of the Empire. Beginning with Louis the Pious in 818, the Kingdom was ruled directly by the Carolingian Emperor himself.

Image	Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be King
[[File:Charlemagne denier Mayence 812 814.jpg	100px	center]]	Charles I	2 April 748 – 28 January 814	June 774	28 January 814
[[File:Pépin d'Italie.jpg	100px	center]]	Pepin	777 – 8 July 810	781	8 July 810
[[File:Bernard of Italy.png	100px	center]]	Bernard	797 – 17 April 818	c. July 810	late 817
[[File:Lothar I.jpg	100px	center]]	Lothair I	795 – 29 September 855	17 April 818	29 September 855
[[File:Louis II of Italy.png	100px	center]]	Louis II	825 – 12 August 875	15 June 844	12 August 875
[[File:Charles the Bald – Psautier de Charles le Chauve.jpg	100px	center]]	Charles II	13 June 823 – 6 October 877	25 December 875	6 October 877
[[File:Carloman of Bavaria.png	100px	center]]	Carloman	13 June 823 – 6 October 877	25 December 875	6 October 877
[[File:KarlderDicke.png	100px	center]]	Charles III the Fat	839 – 13 January 888	12 December 884	November 887

After 887, Italy fell into instability, with many rulers claiming the kingship simultaneously.

[[Unruochings]] (887–896)

Image	Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be King
[[File:Berengar I on a seal.jpg	100px	center]]	Berengar I	c. 845 – 7 April 924	c. 888	c. 896 (first reign)

Berengar was deposed by the King of East Francia, Arnulf of Carinthia, in the mid-890s.

[[Widonids]] (claimants) (887–898)

Image	Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be King
[[File:Wido rex Italiae.jpg	100px	center]]	Guy	c. 845 – 12 December 894	February 889	12 December 894
[[File:Lamberty.png	100px	center]]	Lambert	c. 880 – 15 October 898	30 April 892	896 (first reign)

[[Carolingian Dynasty]] (restored) (894–896)

Image	Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be King
[[File:Seal_of_Arnulph_of_Carinthia_(896).jpg	100px	center]]	Arnulf	c. 850 – 8 December 899	894 (as claimant)	896
	Ratold	fl. 896	c. 896	896

In 896, Arnulf and Ratold lost control of Italy, which was divided between Lambert of Italy and Berengar I of Italy.

[[Widonids]] (restored) (896–898)

Image	Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be King
[[File:Lamberty.png	100px	center]]	Lambert	c. 880 – 15 October 898	30 April 892	15 October 898 (first reign)

After Lambert's death, Berengar I took his territory and reunified Italy.

[[Unruochings]] (restored) (896–924)

Image	Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be King
[[File:Berengar I on a seal.jpg	100px	center]]	Berengar I	c. 845 – 7 April 924	c. 888	7 April 924 (second reign)

[[Bosonids|Bivinids]] (Carolingian by adoption) (901–905)

In 900, Louis III, a grandson of Louis II of Italy, was invited into Italy as their king by nobles in opposition to Berengar I.

Image	Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be King
[[File:Denier of Emperor Louis III (cropped).jpg	100px	center]]	Louis III	c. 880 – 5 June 928	February 901	before 21 April 905

[[Elder House of Welf]] (922–926)

Image	Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be King
[[File:Rudolph Burgundy.jpg	100px	center]]	Rudolph	c. 885 – 13 July 937	922	926

[[Bosonids]] (926–950)

Image	Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be King
[[File:Hugh of Italy.png	100px	center]]	Hugh	c. 880 – 10 April 948	926	947
[[File:LothairofArles.png	100px	center]]	Lothair II	c. 927 – 22 November 950	947	22 November 950

[[Anscarids]] (950–961)

Image	Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be King
[[File:Berengar II.png	100px	center]]	Berengar II	c. 900 – 4 August 966	November 950	c. 25 December 961
[[File:King Adalbert of Italy.png	100px	center]]	Adalbert	c. 934-c. 973	November 950	c. 25 December 961

In 951 Otto I invaded Italy and was crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy. In 952, Berengar and Adalbert became his vassals but remained kings until being deposed by Otto.

Holy Roman Empire (962–1556)

Otto is considered to be the founding emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, and the Kingdom of Italy was considered one of the constituent realms of the Empire. Beginning in the 12th century, states such as the Republic of Venice and the Papal States captured more and more territory from the Kingdom of Italy, and the Empire's territory on the Peninsula shrunk over time. After Charles V, the emperors stopped being crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy and the Italian title fell into disuse. Imperial control in Italy receded to Trent and South Tyrol until the dissolution of the Empire in 1806. Southern Italy had never been part of the Holy Roman Empire; it remained initially under the control of various Byzantine fiefs until the Norman Kingdom of Sicily (later the Kingdom of Naples) took control of the area in the 11th century. Central Italy, along the Rome-Ravenna axis, was part of the Papal States, under the direct personal rule of the pope. The Duke of Savoy was de jure a vassal of the Holy Roman Emperor, with the Duke being Prince and Perpetual Vicar of the Holy Roman Empire.

[[Ottonian dynasty]] (962–1024)

Image	Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be King
[[File:Otto the Great.jpg	100px	center]]	Otto I	23 November 912 – 7 May 973	962	7 May 973
[[File:Otton2.JPG	100px	center]]	Otto II	955 – 7 December 983		7 December 983
[[File:Clm 4453 fol 24r Detail Herrscherbild.jpg	100px	center]]	Otto III	980 – 23 January 1002		23 January 1002
[[File:Arduino d'ivrea (2).jpg	100px	center]]	Arduin	955–1015	1002	1014
[[File:Ubf Richard-Wagner-Platz Mosaik Heinrich II.jpg	100px	center]]	Henry II
6 May 973 – 13 July 1024	1004	13 July 1024

[[Salian dynasty]] (1027–1125)

Image	Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be King
[[File:Konrád2.jpg	100px	center]]	Conrad I
990 – 4 June 1039	1026	4 June 1039
[[File:Heinrich III. (HRR) Miniatur.jpg	100px	center]]	Henry III	29 October 1017 – 5 October 1056	1039	5 October 1056
[[File:Jindra4Salsky.jpg	100px	center]]	Henry IV	11 November 1050 – 7 August 1106	1056	December 1105
[[File:Conrad II of Italy.jpg	100px	center]]	Conrad II of Italy	1074–1101	1093	1101
[[File:Jindra5Salsky.jpg	100px	center]]	Henry V
title=The Origins of Modern Germany	first=Geoffrey	last=Barraclough

[[Süpplingenburg dynasty]] (1125–1137)

Image	Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be King
[[File:Siegel Lothar III.jpg	100px	center]]	Lothair III	9 June 1075 – 4 December 1137	1125	4 December 1137

[[House of Hohenstaufen]] (1128–1197)

Image	Coat of Arms	Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be King
[[File:Konrad III Miniatur 13 Jahrhundert.jpg	100px	center]]	[[File:Arms of Swabia.svg	center	114x114px]]	Conrad III	1093 – 15 February 1152	1138
(also crowned in 1128 in opposition to Lothair)	1152
[[File:Wgt Stifterbüchlein 43r.jpg	100px	center]]	[[File:Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_(Hohenstaufen).svg	center	118x118px]]	Frederick I	1122 – 10 June 1190	1154	1186
[[File:JindrichVIStauf trun.jpg	100px	center]]	[[File:Attributed Coat and Shield of Arms of Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor (Codex Manesse).svg	center	119x119px]]	Henry VI	November 1165 – 28 September 1197	1186	28 September 1197

[[House of Welf]] (1208–1212)

Image	Coat of Arms	Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be King
[[File:Ottta4Brunsvicky.jpg	center	100px]]	[[File:Arms of Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor.svg	100px	center]]	Otto IV	1175 or 1176 – 19 May 1218	1209	1212

[[House of Hohenstaufen]] (1212–1254)

Image	Coat of Arms	Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be King
[[File:Frederick II and eagle.jpg	100px	center]]	[[File:Arms of the Holy Roman Emperor (Hohenstaufen).svg	100px	center]]	Frederick II
(Friedrich II)	26 December 1194 – 13 December 1250	5 December 1212	13 December 1250
[[File:Jindra7.jpg	100px	center]]	[[File:Arms of the Holy Roman Emperor (Hohenstaufen).svg	100px	center]]	Henry
(Heinrich (VII))	1211 – 12 February 1242	23 April 1220	12 February 1242
[[File:Conrad IV of Germany.jpg	100px	center]]	[[File:Arms of the Holy Roman Emperor (Hohenstaufen).svg	100px	center]]	Conrad IV
(Konrad IV)	25 April 1228 – 21 May 1254	May 1237	21 May 1254

[[House of Luxembourg]] (1311–1313)

Image	Coat of Arms	Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be King
[[File:Henry7Luc.jpg	100px	center]]	[[File:Armoiries Henri VII de Luxembourg.svg	100px	center]]	Henry VII	1275 – 24 August 1313	6 January 1311	24 August 1313

[[House of Wittelsbach]] (1327–1347)

Image	Coat of Arms	Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be King
[[File:Ludwig der Bayer.jpg	100px	center]]	[[File:Arms of Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor.svg	100px	center]]	Louis IV	1 April 1282 – 11 October 1347	1327	11 October 1347

[[House of Luxembourg]] (1355–1437)

Image	Coat of Arms	Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be King
[[File:Charles IV-John Ocko votive picture-fragment.jpg	100px	center]]	[[File:Arms of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor.svg	100px	center]]	Charles IV	14 May 1316 – 29 November 1378	1355	29 November 1378
[[File:Zikmund Zhořelecka radnice.jpg	100px	center]]	[[File:Coat of arms of Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor.svg	100px	center]]	Sigismund	14 February 1368 – 9 December 1437	1431	9 December 1437

[[House of Habsburg]] (1437–1801)

Image	Coat of Arms	Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be King
[[File:Hans Burgkmair d. Ä. 005.jpg	100px	center]]	[[File:CoA Frederick III of Habsburg.svg	100px	center]]	Frederick III	21 September 1415 – 19 August 1493	16 March 1452	19 August 1493
[[File:Charles I of Spain.jpg	100px	center]]	[[File:Coat of Arms of Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor, Charles I as King of Spain-Or shield variant.svg	100px	center]]	Charles V	24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558	24 February 1530	16 January 1556

Charles V was the last emperor to be crowned king of Italy. The Habsburg emperors claimed the Italian crown until 1801. The empire continued to include Italian territories until its dissolution in 1806. Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy

[[Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)|Kingdom of Italy as a client state of France]], [[House of Bonaparte]] (1805–1814)

In 1805, Napoleon established a client state in northern Italy, named the Kingdom of Italy. He established himself as King of Italy, in personal union with his role as Emperor of the French. This client state did not survive the end of the Napoleonic era; in its place, the Congress of Vienna established a number of independent duchies and kingdoms in the region.

Image	Coat of Arms	Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be King
[[File:Napoleon I of France by Andrea Appiani.jpg	100px	centre]]	[[File:Great Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic).svg	100px	centre]]	Napoleon I	15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821	17 March 1805	11 April 1814

Full title

This title is present in Italian laws proclaimed by Napoleon I:

[Name], by the Grace of God and the Constitutions, Emperor of the French and King of Italy.

[[Kingdom of Italy]], [[House of Savoy]] (1861–1946)

During and after the Revolutions of 1848, sentiment on the peninsula grew for the establishment of a unified Italian kingdom. Southern Italy had not been united with northern Italy since the early medieval period, being mostly under the rule of the Kingdom of Naples and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Northern Italy, in the early 19th century, came under the domination of the Kingdom of Sardinia, which besides its namesake island, also ruled the expansive Piedmont and Savoy regions along the French-Italian borderlands. The formerly republican leader in southern Italy, Giuseppe Garibaldi, made common cause with the House of Savoy to overthrow the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and the people voted in a plebiscite to join Sardinia to form the Kingdom of Italy in 1861; the Papal States and the city of Rome were annexed to the Kingdom in 1870, completing the Unification of Italy. This kingdom lasted until the aftermath of World War II, when the 1946 Italian institutional referendum ended the monarchy.

Image	Coat of Arms	Name	Life	Became King	Ceased to be King
[[File:VictorEmmanuel2.jpg	center	151x151px]]	[[File:Greater CoA of the King of Italy (1861-1890).png	center	128x128px]]	Victor Emmanuel II	14 March 1820 – 9 January 1878	17 March 1861	9 January 1878
[[File:Fratelli Vianelli (Giuseppe e Luigi, flor. 1860-1890 ca) - VE - Umberto I di Savoia 1.jpg	100px	centre]]	[[File:Great coat of arms of the king of italy (1890-1946).svg	100px	centre]]	Umberto I	14 March 1844 – 29 July 1900	9 January 1878	29 July 1900
[[File:Vitorioemanuel.jpg	100px	centre]]	[[File:Great coat of arms of the king of italy (1890-1946).svg	100px	centre]]	Victor Emmanuel III	11 November 1869 – 28 December 1947	29 July 1900	9 May 1946
[[File:Umberto II, 1944.jpg	100px	centre]]	[[File:Great coat of arms of the king of italy (1890-1946).svg	100px	centre]]	Umberto II	15 September 1904 – 18 March 1983	9 May 1946	12 June 1946

Full title

Up until the dissolution of the monarchy in 1946, the full titles of the Kings of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946) were:

[Name], by the Grace of God and the will of the Nation, King of Italy, [[ List of emperors of Ethiopia

Notes

References

Bury, ''History'', vol. 1 p. 406
[[Dieter Nohlen. Nohlen, D]] & Stöver, P (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1047 {{ISBN. 978-3-8329-5609-7
Bryce, James ''The Holy Roman Empire'' (1913), pg. xxxv
[[Lodovico Antonio Muratori]], Giuseppe Oggeri Vincenti, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=sE8IAAAAQAAJ Annali d'Italia]'', 1788, pp. 78–81.
According to Sismondi, ''History of the Italian Republics in the Middle Ages'' (pg. 29), although Otto II was crowned [[King of the Romans]] in 961 and [[Holy Roman Emperor]] in 967, he only obtained the Iron Crown at [[Pavia]] in late 980, during his descent into Italy, and prior to his celebrating Christmas at [[Ravenna]].
Although Otto III was crowned [[Holy Roman Emperor]] at Rome on 21 May 996, he was crowned King of Italy at [[Milan]] prior to the death of [[Pope John XV]] in early March 996 – see Comyn, ''History of the Western Empire'', Vol. 1, pg. 123
enumerated as successor of [[Henry I the Fowler. Henry I]] who was German King 919–936 but not Emperor.
enumerated as successor of [[Conrad I of Germany. Conrad I]] who was German King 911–918 but not Emperor
Comyn, Robert. ''History of the Western Empire, from its Restoration by Charlemagne to the Accession of Charles V'', Vol. I. 1851, p. 191.
Kleinhenz, Christopher, ''Medieval Italy: an encyclopedia, Volume 1'', Routledge, 2004, pg. 494
Jones, Michael, ''The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. VI: c. 1300-c. 1415'', Cambridge University Press, 2000, pg. 533
Philip Pandely Argenti, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=dpk3AAAAIAAJ Chius Vincta]'', 1941, p. xvii.

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