Kangaroo Route

Origins of the name

Qantas operated the Australian part of the Kangaroo Route for nine years before coining (and later trademarking) the name.

After starting airmail operations between Brisbane and Singapore in 1934, Qantas began operating passenger flights connecting Brisbane to Singapore in 1935 following successful awarding of the Australian government's tender.

After disruption to the route due to the emerging hostilities of World War II, the connectivity was famously restored by Qantas with its "Double Sunrise" service connectivity between Perth and Ceylon on the Indian Ocean Route with Catalina flying boats in 1943. With the addition of the land based Liberator aircraft to the route in 1944, the "Indian Ocean Route" was officially renamed "The Kangaroo Service" by Qantas' Managing Director Hudson Fysh and pilot Bill Crowther; a play on words of the aviation term "hop" (referring to a leg of a route), and the hop of a kangaroo, an Australian icon.

Along with the newly created Qantas logo of the flying kangaroo, the terms "Kangaroo Service" and "Kangaroo Route" were trademarked by Qantas and became the airline's branded term to describe Qantas' Australia-United Kingdom connectivity.

A significant milestone in 1947 when Qantas began operating the entire Kangaroo Route independently. This April 1947 inauguration is referred to as the birth date of the Kangaroo Route by Qantas, even though it had been operating a part of that route for almost a decade.

History

Early years (1935–1940)

In 1935 Qantas started flying passengers to Singapore in a De Havilland 86 to connect with London-bound Imperial Airways. London to Brisbane service commenced on 13 April 1935. Imperial Airways and Qantas Empire Airways opened the 12,754 mi London to Brisbane route for passengers for a single fare £195 (). There were no through bookings on the first service because of heavy sector bookings, but there were two through passengers on the next flight that left London on 20 April. The route opened for passengers from Brisbane to London on 17 April; flights were weekly and the journey time was 12 days.

Eastbound passengers from London would first fly from Croydon to Paris, take an overnight train to Brindisi, and fly onward with stops at Athens, Alexandria (overnight), Gaza, Baghdad (overnight), Basra, Kuwait, Bahrain, Sharjah (overnight), Gwadar, Karachi, Jodhpur (overnight), Delhi, Cawnpore, Allahabad, Calcutta (overnight), Akyab, Rangoon, Bangkok (overnight), Alor Star, Singapore (overnight), Batavia, Sourabaya, Rambang (overnight), Koepang, Darwin (overnight), Longreach (overnight), and Charleville. London-Karachi was operated by Imperial Airways, Karachi-Singapore jointly by Imperial and Indian Trans-Continental Airways, and Singapore-Brisbane by Qantas.

Wartime modified operations (1940–1946)

Impediment and interruption due to WWII (June 1940 – Feb 1942)

On 11 June 1940 Italy entered WWII and the Kangaroo Route connection across the Mediterranean Sea from Egypt was severed with the resulting loss of all access to commercial air routes. While direct passenger air connectivity was lost, previous contingency plans were put into action, utilising the structure of the "Horseshoe Route" that connected Australia and England for passengers and airmail via Durban, South Africa where passengers would connect to steamboat service. This service was swiftly started just 8 days later with the first flight leaving Australia on 19 June 1940 and continuing its operation, modifying as necessary until its final reserve route ("Reserve Route 3") via Broome was lost on 15 February 1942 with the fall of Singapore.

Plans for restoration of the connectivity were started in early 1943, resulting in the ideation, equipping, and successful testing of what would become the Double Sunrise service. Earlier in 1939 an alternative route via the Indian Ocean was proposed and designed by the Australian Government for potential use in case of emergency. The designed route was Port Hedland - Batavia - Christmas Island - Cocos Island - Diego Garcia - The Seychelles - Mombasa. This route was surveyed and tested in June 1939 but would ultimately not be used, in part as Batavia had already fallen in March 1942 in the Battle of Java (1942).

Innovation and resumption via "The Double Sunrise" (July 1943 – July 1945)

On 29 July 1943 Qantas resumed the kangaroo route's modified operation, using a fleet of 5 Consolidated PBY Catalina aircraft to cross the Indian ocean nonstop. The planned route was for flights between Crawley, Western Australia, and RAF Base Koggala in southern Ceylon. Designed to exploit the Catalina's extreme flight range, the flights became the longest non-stop commercial air route, covering over 3,500 nautical miles (6,500 kilometres; 4,000 miles) across the Indian Ocean. Navigated without the aid of radio, the crews relied solely on rudimentary navigation by compass and stars during the trip. Taking between 27 and 33 hours, with departure timed so that the flight crossed Japanese occupied territory during darkness, the crew and passengers would observe the sunrise twice, which led to the service being known as "The Double Sunrise". The Double Sunrise flights remain the longest (in terms of airtime) commercial flights in history.

Initially, passengers and mail were then transferred via ground transport from Galle to Karachi connecting with BOAC service onwards to London. In November 1943, this was replaced by adding an additional hop to the kangaroo route operated by the Qantas Catalinas up the Indian coast to Karangi Creek in Karachi.

In June 1944, Qantas augmented the Kangaroo Route's Catalina service with an additional route operated by converted Consolidated Liberator bombers. The Liberators flew from Perth to Learmonth before flying a shorter 3,077 mi (4,952 km) over-water route to an airfield northeast of Colombo, but they could make the journey in 17 hours with 5,500 pounds (2,500 kg) of payload, whereas the Catalinas usually required at least 27 hours and their payload was limited to only 1,000 pounds (450 kg). This route was named 'The Kangaroo Service' and was the genesis for the Kangaroo Route's naming. It also marked the first time that Qantas's now-famous Kangaroo logo was used; passengers received a certificate proclaiming them as members of The Order of the Longest Hop.

In June 1945, Avro Lancastrians were introduced on the England–Australia service, and the Liberators and Catalinas were soon shifted to other Qantas routes. The Catalina operated Double Sunrise service ended on 18 July 1945.

Route normalization - Western legs (May 1945)

On 30 May 1945, following the end of the war in the European Theatre, Lancastrian operated flights by BOAC resumed from Hurn Airport in southern England, connecting in Karachi to Qantas' operated service which flew via Karachi - Minneriya (Ceylon) - Learmonth to Sydney. Covering the Kangaroo Route in a scheduled time of 70 hours.

Route normalization - Eastern legs (April 1946)

On 7 April 1946 - Qantas ended its Indian Ocean Service, and reverted the Kangaroo Route back via Darwin and Singapore. For the first time flying directly from Sydney to Darwin to Singapore, eliminating all previous domestic Australian stops. BOAC and Qantas service combined to operate the Kangaroo Route from Sydney to London time in a new record of 63 hours.

Multiple stops (1947–1974)

In 1947, Qantas took over complete operation of the route from Australia to The United Kingdom utilizing their new Lockheed Constellations. BOAC would continue to run its own service in parallel. Qantas first flew the Kangaroo Route on 1 December 1947. A Lockheed Constellation carried 29 passengers and 11 crew from Sydney to London with stops in Darwin, Singapore, Calcutta, Karachi, Cairo, and Tripoli (passengers stayed overnight in Singapore and Cairo). A return fare was £585 (), equivalent to 130 weeks average pay.

In the 1950s and 1960s some Qantas Kangaroo Routes featured other stops, including Frankfurt, Zürich, Rome, Athens, Beirut, Tehran, Bombay, and Colombo. In May 1958 the Kangaroo Route had 11 westward flights a week: four Qantas Super Constellations, four BOAC Britannias, one Air India Super Constellation from Sydney to London, one KLM Super Constellation Sydney to Amsterdam, and one TAI Douglas DC-6B Auckland to Paris. In February 1959 Qantas' fastest Super Constellation took 63 hr 45 min Sydney to Heathrow and BOAC's Britannia took 49 hr 25 min. Jet flights (Qantas with Boeing 707) started in 1959; in April 1960 the fastest trip from Sydney to London was 34 hr 30 min with eight stops.

In the late 1950s, Qantas had a round-the-world network, flying Australia to Europe westward on the Kangaroo Route and eastward on the Southern Cross Route (via the Pacific Ocean). In 1964 Qantas started a third route to London via Tahiti, Mexico, and the Caribbean, called the Fiesta Route. Qantas dropped its Southern Cross Route and Fiesta Route in 1975. By 1969, Qantas had 11 Kangaroo Route flights a week from Sydney to London, taking 29–32 hours with 5–6 stops each; BOAC's 7-9 weekly flights previously had 7 stops.

In 1971 Qantas added Boeing 747s, reducing the travel time and number of stops (in the late 1970s flights typically stopped at Singapore and Bahrain). Fares fell, opening air travel to more people with more competition.

One-stop flights (1974–2018)

In April 1974 Qantas commenced operating a one stop service from Perth to London with only one stop in Bombay with Boeing 707s. In October 1988 Qantas introduced a one stop service from Sydney to London with Boeing 747-300s.

In 1989 Qantas set a world distance record for commercial jets when a Boeing 747-400, the City of Canberra, flew non-stop from London to Sydney in just over 20 hours (with special fuel and without passengers or cargo). This was the only nonstop flight ever made between both cities for the next 3 decades.

Starting in January 2009, Qantas began utilising its new A380 aircraft on the Kangaroo Route, raising its capacity to 450 passengers per flight.

As part of a partnership approved in 2013 with Emirates, Qantas announced that its services to London would stop in Dubai rather than Singapore, beginning that same year. Qantas also announced that its services to Frankfurt via Singapore would be discontinued in April 2013, leaving London as its only European destination.

In 2017, Qantas announced a renewal of this partnership for another 5 years with the modification of the Qantas' Kangaroo Route reverting to operating with a stopover in Singapore instead of Dubai from 25 March 2018.

Non-stop flights (2018–present)

Non-stop flights from Perth to London commenced in March 2018 with Boeing 787s, with the Kangaroo route becoming a non-stop route for the first time, while also connecting Australia and Europe via a non-stop route for the first time. These flights operate out of Perth's Terminal 3 rather than the traditional T1 in order to facilitate seamless transfers from Qantas domestic flights. The route also opens up the possibility of further direct flights to Europe from Perth such as Rome (launched June 2022) and Paris (launched July 2024).

In late March 2020, prior to Qantas cutting all international services due to the COVID-19 pandemic, several repatriation flights were operated with a routing of Sydney-Darwin-London. The Singaporean government had banned transit passengers and airspace in the Middle East was closed, due to the pandemic. This was the first time an Airbus A380 flew nonstop between Australia and Europe.

In November 2021, Qantas resumed non-stop Kangaroo Route flights, this time from Darwin to London before resuming the non-stop route between Perth and London in May 2022 following the reopening of Western Australia for international travel.

Qantas' evolution of the Kangaroo Route

Since its founding in 1935, Qantas has evolved the Kangaroo Route over time in terms of "hops" (routings), duration, and aircraft used. Illustrated in the below table are snapshots of that ongoing evolution over the years.

*Note: *

Competing one-stop flights

While "The Kangaroo Route" is a trademarked term belonging to Qantas, it is often genericized by the media, other operators and even Qantas themselves to refer to all flights between Australia and the United Kingdom. Today Qantas remains the sole operator of "The Kangaroo Route" as well as the only nonstop flight between Australia and the United Kingdom. British Airways continues to operate its legacy route it has served since 1935 when it was Imperial Airways, offering the only other direct flight from Australia to the United Kingdom.

Forming a competitive market, there are over 25 airlines operating competing one-stop flights from Australia to the United Kingdom via the Eastern Hemisphere. Qantas destinations exclude any origins served by the airline's regional subsidiary, QantasLink. Country of origin Airline City of hub/connecting airport Airports serving Australian cities Airports serving UK cities

Note: Territory is Hong Kong, China --

Project Sunrise

On 25 August 2017, Qantas announced Project Sunrise, aiming to fly ultra long-haul non-stop flights from the East Coast of Australia (Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane) to New York City, London, Paris, Cape Town, and Rio de Janeiro, and challenged Boeing and Airbus to create aircraft that could travel to such places without stopping. Both Boeing and Airbus submitted proposals in 2019. Boeing announced some delays in the 777-8X project in August 2019 after Etihad Airways dropped orders made in 2013, but the company made it clear that it remained in contention for Project Sunrise.

By 2019, Qantas had narrowed its intended destinations from Sydney on Project Sunrise to New York City and London. On 18–20 October 2019, Qantas made a 19-hour test flight QF7879 with a Boeing 787-9 from John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York to Sydney Airport. The next month, Qantas operated its first 19-20 hour test flight from London to Sydney using again a Boeing 787-9. Two months later, on 13 December 2019, Qantas announced that their preferred aircraft for the project was the Airbus A350-1000ULR. This aircraft would have an additional fuel tank and slightly increased MTOW to deliver the performance required on the Project Sunrise routes. Qantas stated they were working with Airbus to order up to 12 aircraft, with the final decision expected within 2020.

On 2 May 2022, after the project was put on hold for two years due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Qantas placed a formal order for 12 Airbus A350-1000 aircraft for Project Sunrise flights to commence in "late 2025" between its first two routes: Sydney to New York City, and then Sydney to London. The 238 seats would be split into six first class suites (three-abreast), 52 business class suites (four-abreast), 40 premium economy seats at 40″ pitch (eight-abreast) and 140 economy class seats at 33″ pitch (nine-abreast). Qantas expects these ultra-long-haul flights to drive an annual earnings increase of A$400 million ($261 million) in the first full year with all 12 aircraft in service.

In February 2024, Qantas announced that due to manufacturing delays (which were blamed on a regulator-required fuel tank redesign), delivery of the A350-1000 aircraft would be delayed by six months, thus delaying the launch of the first project Sunrise flights until mid-2026. The third centre fuel tank was certified by June 2024; deliveries were then expected from the third quarter of 2026 ahead of commercial operations starting in the first half of 2027.

Throughout the summer of 2024, Qantas announced more details regarding its development of Project Sunrise. News publications revealed features such as "Wellness Zone" that would be available for passengers onboard as a "stretch and movement space" in order to mitigate jetlag. Additionally, "fast and free" Wi-Fi onboard was promised.

In literature

The book Beyond the Blue Horizon by travel correspondent Alexander Frater documents the author's attempt to fly all the sectors on the original 1935 Imperial/Qantas London-Brisbane route in 1984.

Notes

References

References

1. "About Qantas – Our Company – History – Constellations Span the World". Qantas.
2. (1947-12-10). "The Qantas Story — 25 Years of Progress". Longreach Leader.
3. Gunn, John. (1987). "Challenging Horizons: Qantas 1939-1954". john gunn.
4. (28 November 2003). "Qantas statement on Virgin Atlantic Airways becoming 21st carrier on the Kangaroo Route". Qantas.
5. "London to Perth: Everything you need to know about the first non-stop flights from Britain to Australia". [[The Daily Telegraph]].
6. (2016-12-11). "Qantas confirms non-stop Perth-UK flight".
7. Ronald, Issy. (2025-11-07). "Qantas releases first images of jet that will fly nonstop from Sydney to London and New York".
8. "Our Logos".
9. (1947-05-30). "QANTAS EMPIRE AIRWAYS CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY.". Cloncurry Advocate.
10. Gunn, John. (1985). "The Defeat of Distance: Qantas 1919-1939". john gunn.
11. (1949). "Australian Aviation Annual".
12. Crouch, Wallace. (2 July 1976). "None of their aircraft was missing". [[Sydney Morning Herald]].
13. "Qantas to Celebrate Kangaroo Logo Anniversary with Retro Livery".
14. (1945-06-25). "Kangaroo Service". Daily News.
15. (1 Oct 2016). "96 Years in the making, Qantas Livery throughout the ages".
16. Eames, Jim. (2017-12-14). "Double sunrise: How Qantas preserved vital link to Britain during World War II".
17. (1944-08-07). "WORLD'S LONGEST AIR HOP TO BE "KANGAROO SERVICE"". Argus.
18. "QANTAS Airways Ltd v Danniel Amadio [2011] ATMO 84 - BarNet Jade".
19. (1944-08-07). "NON-STOP AIR SERVICE". Daily Commercial News and Shipping List.
20. (16 Nov 1950). "Thirty Years of Qantas".
21. Gunn, John. (1987). "Challenging Horizons: Qantas 1939-1954". john gunn.
22. (1944-09-19). "SYDNEY-LONDON IN 72 HOURS". Advocate.
23. "The Longest Hop - Qantas' Kangaroo Route".
24. Robinson, Dean. (April 2020). "SOUTH AUSTRALIAN AVIATION MUSEUM - SIGNIFICANT AIRCRAFT PROFILES: QEA EMPIRE FLYING BOATS". South Australian Aviation Museum History Group.
25. "Explore our past: 1930 – 1939". British Airways.
26. "Venturing Overseas". Qantas.
27. "Imperial Airways timetable, 1935".
28. "Imperial Airways route map, 1935".
29. Watson, Captain Dacre. "British Overseas Airways Corporation 1940-1950 and It's Legacy". [[Royal Aeronautical Society#Publications.
30. Wilson, John. (February 2009). "Report on the Progress of Civil Aviation 1939-1945".
31. Madden, Phillip. (2018). "The Flying Boat Era: Its Role as a Catalyst in the Development of Aviation and Social History in Australia". Griffith University.
32. (1940-06-13). "EMPIRE AIR SERVICES.". Sydney Morning Herald.
33. (1940-06-19). "Empire Air Line Change". [[Daily Telegraph (Sydney).
34. "End of Horseshoe Route".
35. (1939). "Australia aka Guba Flying Boat Flight". Pathé Gazette (British Pathé).
36. "BOAC General Reports on Services 1941-1945".
37. Senior, Rex. "The Double Sunrise Service".
38. (8 Oct 2014). "Qantas to Celebrate Kangaroo Logo Anniversary with Retro Livery". Qantas.
39. "Front Line Airline 1939-1945".
40. (1945-08-25). "NEWS OF THE DAY". Age.
41. (1945-11-30). "COLOMBO AIR SERVICE". Advocate.
42. (1945-06-02). "From London By Air In 70 Hours". Sydney Morning Herald.
43. (1946-04-08). "To Singapore By Air - Service Resumed". The Sydney Morning Herald.
44. (1946-02-19). "DARWIN BACK AS AIR GATEWAY". Courier-Mail.
45. (1946-04-04). "Singapore Air Route Reopened". Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate.
46. (1947-12-08). "New Sydney-London Link Completed By Constellation". Sydney Morning Herald.
47. Creedy, Steve. (30 November 2007). "Qantas' Kangaroo route 60th birthday". news.com.au.
48. "1955: QANTAS Network".
49. (1 Jun 1961). "Qantas Timetable (effective 1 June 1961)".
50. "1974: QANTAS Network".
51. One stop to London ''[[Freight & Container Transportation]]'' April 1974 page 3
52. (1973). "Australian Transport". Australian Government Publishing Service.
53. Sydney gets daily Qantas one stop flights to London ''[[Australian Aviation]]'' issue 45 July 1988 page 16
54. (2019-08-16). "Top-secret London-to-Sydney flight broke a record and made aviation history". ABC News.
55. "Boeing Aircraft Take Qantas Further". Qantas.
56. (16 Jan 2009). "Qantas Commences A380 Services to Singapore and the UK". Qantas News Room.
57. "QANTAS and Emirates". QANTAS.
58. Flynn, David. (17 April 2013). "Qantas bids farewell to Frankfurt". Australian Business Traveller.
59. (31 Aug 2017). "QANTAS AND EMIRATES TO EXTEND PARTNERSHIP". Qantas News Room.
60. (1 Sep 2017). "Qantas Reroutes London Flights Through Singapore". Qantas Travel Insider.
61. Taylor, Ellis. (26 March 2019). "Qantas hails successful first year of Perth-London flights". FlightGlobal.
62. (June 25, 2022). "QANTAS FLIGHTS FROM AUSTRALIA DIRECT TO ROME TAKE OFF". Qantas.
63. (2024-07-03). "What to expect from Qantas' non-stop flights to Paris - Executive Traveller".
64. (25 Mar 2020). "Qantas to fly first non-stop route from Darwin to Heathrow to return stranded Brits to UK amid coronavirus crisis". ITV News.
65. O'Hare, Maureen. (2020-03-25). "Qantas A380 makes historic direct flight from Australia to London".
66. (Oct 8, 2021). "QANTAS TO FLY KANGAROO ROUTE TO LONDON VIA DARWIN". Qantas.
67. (2022-05-04). "Qantas to resume Perth-London flights on May 23 - Executive Traveller".
68. (1935). "Imperial Airways Timetable 1935".
69. (1935). "Lady Mountbatten's Diary".
70. (1935). "Imperial Airways Timetable 1935".
71. "Imperial Airways Map of Empire & European Air Routes.".
72. (2016-12-23). "Vintage Maps Rekindle the Romance of Early Air Travel".
73. Jarvis, Paul. (2016-04-15). "Mapping the Airways". Amberley Publishing Limited.
74. (11 Nov 1937). "Qantas Empire Airways Timetable".
75. (2018-03-24). "A look back at air travel as Qantas' non-stop flight to London leaves Perth {{!}} Express Digest".
76. "QANTAS Serves Australia - From the Queensland Outback to the World (Feature Article)".
77. (2023-01-04). "31 stops, fares from £10,834 and sandwiches courtesy of the co-pilot – the first flight from Britain to Australia".
78. (1937). "Imperial Airways Timetable July 1937".
79. (1 Oct 1938). "Qantas Empire Airways Timetable".
80. (30 Nov 2007). "The Longest Hop - Qantas' Kangaroo Route".
81. "Sydney Seaplanes".
82. (16 Aug 1938). "Imperial Airways Summer Timetable 1938".
83. "Flying Boats at War". Woollahra Municipal Council.
84. (1 Sep 1948). "Kangaroo Service Air Timetable".
85. (1947-12-03). "AVIATION NEWS". Daily Commercial News and Shipping List.
86. "Qantas celebrates 60th anniversary of "kangaroo route"".
87. "Qantas celebrates 80 years of international services".
88. (1 Nov 1955). "QANTAS Timetable 1955".
89. Rimmer, Peter J.. (2005). "Australia Through the Prism of Qantas: Distance Makes a Comeback". The Otemon Journal of Australian Studies.
90. (6 Nov 1959). "QANTAS Timetable 1959".
91. (1 Jul 1965). "QANTAS Timetable 1965".
92. (2019-12-06). "The Future Past of Tourism: Historical Perspectives and Future Evolutions". Channel View Publications.
93. LondonAirTravel. (2022-05-01). "The History Of Flight Between The UK and Australia From 1935 Onwards".
94. (2018-01-05). "Shortest Air Route between London and Sydney, 1955 – 2025 {{!}} The Geography of Transport Systems".
95. (1971-08-15). "Australia and U.S. Seek to Protect Airlines in Dispute Over Commercial Flights". The New York Times.
96. LondonAirTravel. (2020-11-12). "How Qantas Boeing 747 Aircraft Transformed Flying To Australia".
97. "Boeing 747-200 · The Encyclopedia of Aircraft David C. Eyre".
98. "Boeing 747-200 · The Encyclopedia of Aircraft David C. Eyre".
99. (2014-11-21). "Qantas retires its very first Boeing 747-400 - Executive Traveller".
100. Creedy, Steve. (30 November 2007). "Qantas' Kangaroo route 60th birthday". News.com.au.
101. "Qantas and Emirates Partnership".
102. "Qantas presses ahead with post-Emirates European & Asian restructure as competitors show no leniency".
103. "Qantas and Emirates announce "global partnership" replacing BA joint venture".
104. "Qantas receives first reconfigured A380". Momentum Media.
105. "QANTAS opens Perth – London bookings for March 2018 launch".
106. Spotters, Sebastián Polito-Vuelos y. (2022-05-23). "Qantas resumes flights between Perth and London".
107. (2022-05-02). "Qantas promises direct flights from Sydney to London and New York". BBC News.
108. (15 November 2019). "Qantas Flew Non-stop from London to Sydney in Less Than 20 Hours". [[Qantas]].
109. Graham, Matt. (2022-05-02). "Qantas Reveals Ultra-Long Range Airbus A350-1000 Seats". Australian Frequent Flyer.
110. LondonAirTravel. (2019-08-09). "A History Of Imperial Airways, BOAC And British Airways In Australia".
111. "Flights from London Heathrow to Sydney". Flight connections.
112. "Direct nonstop flights (Operated by CA from GB-AUS)".
113. "Direct nonstop flights (Operated by JD from GB-AUS)".
114. "China Eastern to connect Adelaide and Shanghai".
115. "Direct nonstop flights (Operated by MU from GB-AUS)".
116. "Direct nonstop flights (Operated by CZ from GB-AUS)".
117. "Direct nonstop flights (Operated by CZ from GB-AUS via PKX)".
118. "China Southern Adds Guangzhou – London Gatwick From late-June 2024".
119. "List of destinations & airlines from Kingsford Smith International Airport, Sydney - FlightsFrom.com".
120. "List of destinations & airlines from Heathrow, London - FlightsFrom.com".
121. "Direct nonstop flights (Operated by HO from GB-AUS)".
122. "Juneyao Air arrives at Sydney Airport".
123. "Flights operated by GS between UK and Australia".
124. "Tianjin Airlines Adds Chongqing – Sydney From late-Nov 2023".
125. "Direct nonstop flights (Operated by CX from GB-AUS)".
126. "Direct nonstop flights (Operated by AI from GB-AUS)".
127. "Direct nonstop flights (Operated by NH from GB-AUS)".
128. "Direct nonstop flights (Operated by JL from GB-AUS)".
129. "Direct nonstop flights (Operated by MH from GB-AUS)".
130. "Direct nonstop flights (Operated by MK from GB-AUS)".
131. "Direct nonstop flights (Operated by QR from GB-AUS)".
132. "Direct nonstop flights (Operated by QF from GB-AUS)".
133. "Direct nonstop flights (Operated by QF from GB-AUS)".
134. "Direct nonstop flights (Operated by BA from GB-AUS)".
135. "Direct nonstop flights (Operated by SQ from GB-AUS)".
136. "SQ Press Release".
137. "Direct nonstop flights (Operated by OZfrom GB-AUS)".
138. "Direct nonstop flights (Operated by KE from GB-AUS)".
139. "Direct nonstop flights (Operated by UL from GB-AUS)".
140. "Direct nonstop flights (Operated by CI from GB-AUS)".
141. "Direct nonstop flights (Operated by TG from GB-AUS)".
142. "Direct nonstop flights (Operated by EY from GB-AUS)".
143. "Direct nonstop flights (Operated by EK from GB-AUS)".
144. "Emirates returns to Edinburgh with a daily service".
145. "Direct nonstop flights (Operated by VN from GB-AUS)".
146. "Direct nonstop flights (Operated by VN from GB-AUS)".
147. (25 August 2017). "New opportunities for direct routes". Qantas.
148. Kaminski-Morrow, David. (15 Aug 2019). "Boeing aims to remain in Qantas 'Project Sunrise' contest". FlightGlobal.
149. (19 October 2019). "Qantas 19 hour test flight".
150. (14 November 2019). "Experimental Qantas ultra-long-haul London to Sydney flight takes off".
151. (13 December 2019). "Qantas Update on Project Sunrise". [[Qantas]].
152. (5 May 2020). "Coronavirus puts Qantas Project Sunrise on hold".
153. "Project Sunrise". [[Qantas]].
154. (2 May 2022). "Qantas group announces major aircraft order to shape its future". [[Qantas]].
155. (May 2022). "Airbus A350–1000 Fact sheet". [[Qantas]].
156. (30 May 2023). "Qantas bets on Project Sunrise, international network in long-term earnings target". FlightGlobal.
157. (23 February 2024). "Airbus says Qantas A350 delivery delays due to need to redesign extra fuel tank". Reuters.
158. (22 February 2024). "Qantas Group Profit in 1H24 Supports Continued Investment in Customers". [[Qantas]].
159. (2024-02-27). "Qantas expecting Project Sunrise delays over A350s".
160. Lewis Harper. (4 June 2024). "Qantas confirms certification of extra fuel tank for 'Project Sunrise' A350-1000". FlightGlobal.
161. (7 Nov 2025). "QANTAS’ FIRST PROJECT SUNRISE AIRCRAFT TAKES SHAPE IN TOULOUSE". Qantas News Room.
162. (17 June 2023). "London-Sydney direct flights a step closer as Qantas reveals ‘anti-jet lag’ measures". The Independent.
163. LondonAirTravel. (2022-05-01). "The History Of Flight Between The UK and Australia From 1935 Onwards".
164. (April 16, 2019). "Quiz: Beach Boys Lyric or Qantas Route?". Qantas.