Kadashman-Turgu

Reign

Kadašman-Turgu reigned during momentous times, but seems to have played only a peripheral role. Ḫattušili III, in a letterLetter from Ḫattušili III to Kadašman-Enlil II, Bo 1802 KBo 1:10 r52: šarru ša giš.tukul.hi.a.iššaknūma [uššabu], “A king who sat home when there is a war.” to his son and successor Kadašman-Enlil II, said of him, “they used to call [your father] a king who prepares for war but then stays at home”. His personal sealVAT 9672 tablet with seal impression recovered from Assur. included suckling animals in two registers, allegorically symbolizing his care for his subjects. The continued employment of the extinct Sumerian language in royal votive inscriptions was in decline and the Babylonian calendar was under revision with the introduction of the Akkadian term: Šanat rēš šarrūti, “accession year.”Tablet Ni.435 from Nippur

Relations with Assyria

Early in his reign, he brokered a treaty with the Assyrian king Adad-Nīrāri, preserved on a fragmentary clay tabletTablet VAT 15420. where the phrase “he pardoned his son of the crime”Fragment VAT 14400 copy of VAT 15420: mar-šu i-na hi-ti u-zak-ki, “he pardoned his son for the crime.” appears twice. Kadašman-Turgu’s father, Nazi-Maruttaš had been engaged in a protracted war with both Adad-Nīrāri and his father Arik-den-ili which had reached its dénouement in a battle at "Kār-Ištar of Ugarsallu".Synchronistic Chronicle (ABC 21) tablet C, column 1, lines 24 to 31 This settlement perhaps explains why there were no reports of any conflict between the Babylonians and Assyrians during this time. It also freed the Assyrians to turn their attention to conquering their westerly neighbor and former overlord the Mitanni.

The Hittite succession

He would no doubt have been aware of the Battle of Kadesh, in 1274, the dramatic climax of the Hittite conflict with Egypt and probably the largest chariot battle ever fought. The Hittite king Muwatalli II died around 1272 and was succeeded by his son, Urḫi-Teššup, who took the name Mursili III, and reigned for seven years.Apology of Ḫattušili III §11, “I submitted for seven years”. But he found himself increasingly at odds with his uncle, Ḫattušili III, the heroic general of Kadesh, who eventually overthrew him. In the first instance, Urḫi-Teššup seems to have appealed to Kadašman-Turgu for support,Apology of Ḫattušili III, §12, IV 34–5, “He would have plotted another plot, and driven to the land of Babylon, but when I heard the matter, I seized him, and I sent him to the sea coast.” before turning to the Assyrians and finally seeking asylum at the court of Ramesses.

First, Ḫattušili demanded the handover of the fugitive. Then he sought support from Kadašman-Turgu complaining of the pharaoh's lack of complicity. Kadašman-Turgu was apparently sympathetic and willing to recognize the usurper as Hatti's legitimate king, motivated perhaps more by the need for a strong alliance with the Hittites to counter the threat of the Assyrians and maintain the uneasy peace. He promised to provide Ḫattušili with military support in any conflict with Egypt and “kept the messenger of the king of Egypt at bay”, i.e. terminated diplomatic links. According to Ḫattušili, they agreed that “the survivor shall protect the children of the one who goes first to his fate”.

Relations must have warmed for at least a short time, before Kadašman-Turgu died, because Ḫattušili records in a letter to Kadašman-Enlil that his father loaned to the Hittite the services of a sculptor, who was subsequently returned.) but these experts were never returned ("perhaps the exorcist has died").

Domestic affairs

His construction efforts are witnessed at the E’igi-kalama ziggurat of the tutelary deity Lugalmarada, in the city of Marad, and also in the ziggurat area at Nippur. A single tablet dated to year 4 of Kadašman-Turgu was found in the main palace area at Dur-Kurigalzu.

The eighteen-year reign is confirmed by progression of date formulae appearing on more than a hundred economic texts, such as those of Irîmshu-Ninurta, a prominent official in Nippur, who recorded ten storehouse transactions, from Kadašman-Turgu’s reign, to that of his successor, his son Kadašman-Enlil II, in which he receives incoming taxes, he grants loans, and pays salaries to other officers.

Chronological problems

An economic text, first published in 1982 by Veysel Donbaz, has presented a chronological dilemma regarding the sequence of succession from Kadašman-Turgu to Kadašman-Enlil as it seems to place Kadašman-Enlil’s succession year in the past whilst describing events too recent to be explained by harking back to the earlier monarch, Kadašman-Enlil I, whose reign ended 90 years before the date (1270 BC) on this document. It describes the exchange of goods and real estate between Kidin-Gula and his son Martuku with Arad-Marduk. It provides the following heading at the start and a similar summary at the end:

Brinkman argues that the evidence for the traditional sequence, i.e. votive inscriptions of Kadašman-Enlil, son of Kadašman-Turgu and other contemporary documents, “is too strong simply to set aside.” In contrast, Boese suggests another Kadašman-Enlil may have briefly preceded the pair. The text comes from the archive of Itti-Ezida-lummir in Babylon (Pedersén M8) which also contains a text that may be from the 10th year of Kadašman-Ḫarbe II,Bab 39045. a king recorded as having only reigned for less than 2 years, and, for this reason, Werner Nahm suggests they are both ancient fabrications. The title to real estate pledged as security to debt valued in copper, rather than the gold or silver citations of the period, reflects a later era after 1175 BC, when the trade routes for these precious metals had been compromised and supports doubts about its authenticity.

Inscriptions

References

References

1. J. A. Brinkman. (1976). "Materials for the Study of Kassite History, Vol. I". Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
2. J. M. Munn-Rankin. (1975). "The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume II, Part 2, History of the Middle East and the Aegean Region, 1380–1000 BC". Cambridge University Press.
3. Ulla Koch-Westenholz. (2000). "Babylonian Liver Omens: The Chapters Manzazu, Padanu, and Pan Takalti of the Babylonian Extispicy Series Mainly from Assurbanipal's Library". Museum Tusculanum.
4. Gisela Stiehler-Alegria. (2003). "Das Kadasman-Turgu-Siegel VAT 9672 Aus Dem Tiglat-Pileser Archiv Von Assur: Die Allegorie Des ""saugenden Muttertieres" Als Bildprogramm Von Kadasman-Turgu Bis Adad-Suma-Iddina". Universidad Autónoma de Madrid: Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Centro Superior de Estudios de Asiriología y Egiptología.
5. J. A. Brinkman. (1999). "Reallexikon Der Assyriologie Und Vorderasiatischen Archaologie: Ia – Kizzuwatna (Volume 5)". Walter De Gruyter.
6. J. A. Brinkman. (1971). "Mu-ús-sa Dates in the Kassite Period". Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
7. Albert Kirk Grayson. (1972). "Assyrian Royal Inscriptions, Volume I: From the beginning to Ashur-resha-ishi I.". – Otto Harrossowitz.
8. Eckart Frahm. (2009). "Historische und historisch-literische Texte". Harrassowitz Verlag.
9. David Wilkinson. (Fall 2003). "The Power Configuration Sequence of the Central World System, 1500–700 BC". Journal of World-Systems Research.
10. Trevor Bryce. (2003). "Letters of the great kings of the ancient Near East: the royal". Routledge.
11. He had earlier loaned a physician named [[Rabâ-ša-Marduk]] and an exorcist to Ḫattušili’s brother [[Muwatalli II]] ("as for the exorcist about whom my brother wrote me, saying 'the exorcist whom my brother wrote me has arrived […] and has begun the ritual'”[http://www.hethport.adwmainz.de/fotarch/FLASHbetrachter.php?ori=&po=0&si=100&bildnr=BoFN00055c&fundnr=Bo%206358&xy=f550b7d048d778814264e97cc5318b1d Kadašman-Turgu letter to Ḫattušili III (tablet Bo 6358 / KUB 3:71 / CTH 174)] (Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin)
12. 6 CAD Š/III, 250b
13. Leonhard Sassmannshausen. (2004). "Mesopotamian Dark Age Revisited".
14. A single lapis lazuli bead inscribed with the name of Kadašman-Turgu was found during the excavation of the Ekur temple at Nippur.B. Schneider, An inscribed bead with a votive inscription of Kadašman-Turgu (L-29–449). N.A.B.U.2015/99: 166–67, 2015
15. Clayden, Tim. "16. Dūr-Kurigalzu: New Perspectives". Volume 2 Karduniaš. Babylonia under the Kassites 2, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. 437-478
16. Albert T. Clay. (1906). "Volume XXIV: Documents from the Temple Archives Dated in the Reigns of the Cassite Kings". Department of Archaeology, University of Pennsylvania.
17. Veysel Donbaz. (1982). "A Middle Babylonian Legal Document Raising Problems in Kassite Chronology". JNES.
18. J. A. Brinkman. (1983). "Istanbul A. 1998, Middle Babylonian Chronology, and the Statistics of the Nippur Archives". Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie.
19. Johannes Boese. (2009). "Kadašman-Enlil, Kadaman-Turgu und die kassitische Chronologie des 14. und 13. Jahrhunderts v. Chr.". Altoriental. Forsch.
20. Werner Nahm. (2016). "12. Kadašman-Enlil IIa as a Green Tiger".
21. J. A. Brinkman. (2016). "45. The Green Tiger, Revisited". Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires.