JP-8

Usage

The United States Air Force replaced JP-4 with JP-8 completely by the end of 1995, to use a less flammable, less hazardous fuel for better safety and combat survivability. In 2014, they completed the process of converting all JP-8 installations within the continental United States to instead use commercial Jet A-1 fuel with additional additives. Installations in Alaska still utilize JP-8 in place of Jet A-1 because of its better suitability in cold weather environments.

JP-8 is formulated with an icing inhibitor, corrosion inhibitor–lubricants, and antistatic agents, and contains less benzene (a carcinogen) and n-hexane (a neurotoxin) than JP-4. However, it also smells stronger than JP-4. JP-8 has an oily feel to the touch, while JP-4 feels more like a solvent.

The United States Navy uses a similar formula, JP-5. JP-5 has an even higher flash point of 140 °F (60 °C), but also a higher cost. The U.S. Navy Seabees use JP-8 in construction and tactical equipment.

Single-fuel concept

JP-8 was specified in 1990 by the U.S. government as a replacement for government diesel fueled vehicles. This is in the wider context of the 1986 NATO Single-Fuel Concept agreement, in which F-34 (JP-8) is to replace F-54 (diesel fuel) in land vehicles and F-40 (JP-4) in land-based turbine aircraft to simplify logistics. It is also used as coolant in engines and some other aircraft components.

Beyond use in vehicles from trucks to tanks to planes, JP-8 is used in U.S. Army heaters and stoves.

Problems

Diesel problems

When used in highly turbocharged diesel engines with the corresponding low compression ratio (e.g. 14:1 or lower), JP-8 causes troubles during cold start and idling due to low compression temperatures and subsequent ignition delay because the cetane index is not specified in MIL-DTL-83133G to 40 or higher. Because lubricity to the BOCLE method is not specified in MIL-DTL-83133G, modern common-rail diesel engines can experience wear problems in high-pressure fuel pumps and injectors. Another problem in diesel engines can be increased wear to exhaust valve seats in the cylinder heads, because a maximum sulfur content is not specified in MIL-DTL-83133G. Sulfur in fuel normally contributes to a build-up of soot layers on these valve seats. According to the notes in this standard, it is intended to include a cetane index value in one of the next releases. MIL-DTL-83133J sets the maximum sulfur content at 0.30%. It however only requires a cetane number of 40 after addition of FT-SPK (synthetic jet fuel).

The use of jet fuel in diesel engines has caused some minor issues, none of which were discovered in the Fort Bliss test with JP-8. During Desert Shield and Desert Storm, commercial Jet A1 was used as the single-fuel and failed engines with Stanadyne fuel-injection pumps missing an elastomer insert retrofit. Other than that, JP-8 slightly reduces torque and fuel economy due to its lower density and viscosity compared to diesel fuel. Engine modification can offset this issue.

Health concerns

Workers have complained of smelling and tasting JP-8 for hours after exposure. As JP-8 is less volatile than standard diesel fuel, it remains on the contaminated surfaces for longer time, increasing the risk of exposure.

In 2001, Texas Tech University's Institute of Environmental and Human Health and the United States Air Force conducted an 18-month study of the health effects of JP-8 on 339 active duty personnel at six US Air Force installations. The study found that Air Force workers who were exposed to JP-8 were no more likely to seek medical attention than workers who were not exposed to JP-8 on the job.{{cite web |author1=Ronald K. Kendall

Variants

JP-8+100 (F-37) is a variant of JP-8 augmented with the additive Spec-Aid 8Q462, also known as Aeroshell Performance Additive 101, created by BetzDearborn (now GE Betz). The additive increases the thermal stability of JP-8 by 100°F (56°C), hence the designation "+100". Spec-Aid 8Q462 was introduced in 1994 to reduce choking and fouling in engine fuel systems and is a combination of a surfactant, metal deactivator, and an antioxidant. It is added to JP-8 at a ratio of 256 ppm to create JP-8+100, at an added cost of $5 per 1000 gallons of fuel. Commercially, this additive is used in police helicopters in Tampa, Florida. JP-8+100 is also used for Canadian Forces CP-140 Aurora, CC-130 Hercules, CF-18 Hornet and the CC-115 Buffalo.

F-35 is a variant without icing inhibitor. The only required additive is a static dissipater.

JP-8+100LT is a variant of JP-8+100, with additives to facilitate low-temperature performance. It is considered as a logistically friendly low-cost replacement of the JPTS fuel for the Lockheed U-2 airplane.

F-24 is commercial Jet A fuel (ASTM D1655) with the additive package required for JP-8 (SDA, CI/LI, FSII) added by the military. The intention is to lower costs by using commercially available fuel. The resulting fuel has identical properties to JP-8, save for a higher freezing-point specification. The U.S. military has switched to F-24 in domestic (excluding Alaska) sites in 2012. In 2018, it was found that the F-24 mixture could deteriorate during transport causing much reduced thermal stability, but addition of the +100 (8Q462) additive was enough to salvage degraded fuel.

F-27 is F-24 with the +100 additive package.

JP-8+225 is a planned variant of JP-8 that increases thermal stability by 225 F-change. Such a fuel would match the thermal stability of JP-7 and become a lower-cost replacement should it exist.

References

References

1. (18 October 2012). "The History of Jet Fuel". [[BP]].
2. West, Brad. (October 31, 2014). "Air Force completes historic fuel conversion". [[United States Air Force]].
3. "POL Airmen get first-hand look at jet fuel from cradle to grave". Pacific Air Forces.
4. "Chapter 15: Fuels, Oils, Lubricants and Petroleum Handling Equipment: Military Fuels and the Single Fuel Concept".
5. the [[M1 Abrams]] series of battle tanks uses JP fuel in its [[gas turbine]] engine
6. [http://www.dscp.dla.mil/subs/rations/dfs/mbuabt.asp Modern Burner Units] {{webarchive. link. (2011-07-16 , JP-8 is used by Army Food Service Specialists (cooks) to fuel MBUs, in accordance with U.S. Army Field Feeding Manual FM 10-23)
7. link. (2014-02-26 burns JP-8 and other distillate fuels, and is the current common heat source for Marine Corps food service equipment.)
8. MIL-DTL-83133J.
9. "The Reality of the Single-Fuel Concept".
10. McKee, Heather. (2005-12-07). "Impact of Military JP-8 Fuel on Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Performance and Emissions #ADA573594".
11. Day, Dwayne A.. "Aviation Fuel". U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission.
12. MIL-DTL-83133F DETAIL SPECIFICATION TURBINE FUEL, AVIATION, KEROSENE TYPE, JP-8 (NATO F-34), NATO F-35, and JP-8+100 (NATO F-37). From https://quicksearch.dla.mil/Transient/19C031269152438C816A666C97F37F4A.pdf
13. Simms, Christian G.. (March 2001). "JP-8+100LT: A low cost replacement of JPTS as the primary fuel for the U-2 aircraft?".
14. MIL-STD-3004-1 w/CHANGE 1, available from https://quicksearch.dla.mil/Transient/230B5DB336074B18A1E558D105636331.pdf
15. "USMC POLICY ON CONVERTING CONUS AVIATION AND GROUND/TACTICAL EQUIPMENT FROM JP-8 TO F-24".
16. Paul J. Kern. (29 June 2021). "An Albatross Around the US Military's Neck: The Single Fuel Concept and the Future of Expeditionary Energy".
17. Morris, Robert W. Jr. (2018-01-01). "Characterization of an On-Spec, Commercial Grade, Jet A and A Near-Off-Spec Military F-24; Evaluation of +100 Thermal Stability Package".
18. (13 July 1998). "Prospects for JP-8+225, a stepping stone to JP-900".