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Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)

Princely state in South Asia (1846–1952)

Field	Value
capital
conventional_long_name	Jammu and Kashmir
common_name	Jammu and Kashmir
image_flag	File:Flag of the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir (1846-1936).svg
image_flag2	File:Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1936-1953).svg
flag_type
image_coat	Kashmir Princely State CoA.png
status	Princely state
religion	Islam (majority), Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism
government_type	Monarchy
empire	British Empire (till 1947) India (after 1947)
common_languages
title_leader	Maharaja
leader1	Gulab Singh (first)
year_leader1	1846–1857
leader2	Hari Singh (last)
year_leader2	1925–1952
title_deputy	Dewan
deputy1	Daljit Singh (first)
year_deputy1	1917–1921
deputy2	Sheikh Abdullah (last)
year_deputy2	1948–1952
year_start	1846
event_start	End of the First Anglo-Sikh War and formation of the state
event1	End of British Crown Suzerainty
date_event1	15 Aug 1947
event2	Beginning of the First Kashmir War
date_event2	22 Oct 1947
event3	Accession to the Indian Union
date_event3	26–27 Oct 1947
event4	End of First Kashmir War (cession of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan)
date_event4	1 January 1949
year_end	1952
date_end	17 November
border_p1	no
image_map	Jammu and Kashmir in 1946 map of India by National Geographic.jpg
image_map_caption	Jammu and Kashmir in 1946
today	Disputed; see Kashmir conflict

Note

the administration of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu

Jammu and Kashmir, also known as Kashmir and Jammu, was a princely state in a subsidiary alliance with the British East India Company from 1846 to 1858, and under the paramountcy (or tutelage) of the British Crown from 1858 until British withdrawal and the partition of British India in 1947. Following the subsequent First Kashmir War between India and Pakistan, it became a disputed territory, now administered by three countries: China, India, and Pakistan. The princely state was created after the First Anglo-Sikh War, when the East India Company, which had annexed the Kashmir Valley, from the Sikhs as war indemnity, then sold it to the Raja of Jammu, Gulab Singh, for 75 lakh rupees.

At the time of the partition of India and the political integration of India, Hari Singh, the ruler of the state, delayed making a decision about the future of his state. However, an uprising in the western districts by the Gilgit Scouts against Hari Singh supported by informal militias from the neighbouring Northwest Frontier Province, and the Pakistani army personnel, forced his hand. On 26 October 1947, Hari Singh acceded 1st Edition Cold War in the High Himalayas The USA, China and South Asia in the 1950s By S. Mahmud Ali Copyright 1999( When tribal Pathan militias from Pakistan's North-West Frontiers joined Sudhan Pathan rebels fighting for freedom, Hari Singh fled to Jammu and reportedly signed a letter of accession to India.) Page 19 https://www.google.com/search?q=Sudhan+Pathan+rebels+fighting+for+freedom&client=ms-android-samsung-gj-rev1&sca_esv=593805704&tbm=bks&p to India in return for the Indian military being airlifted to Kashmir to counter the invasion by tribal militias from Pakistan, which were assisted by the Pakistani government and military leadership. The western and northern districts now known as Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan passed to the control of Pakistan with the support of Gilgit Scouts, while the remaining territory stayed under Indian control, later becoming the Indian administered state of Jammu and Kashmir. India and Pakistan defined a cease-fire line dividing the administration of the territory with the intercession of the United Nations which was supposed to be temporary but still persists.

Administration

Map of Kashmir showing the borders of the princely state in dark red.

According to the census reports of 1911, 1921 and 1931, the administration was organised as follows:

Jammu province: Districts of Jammu, Jasrota (Kathua), Udhampur, Reasi and Mirpur.
Kashmir province: Districts of Kashmir South (Anantnag), Kashmir North (Baramulla) and Muzaffarabad.
Frontier districts: Wazarats of Ladakh and Gilgit.
Internal jagirs: Poonch, Bhaderwah and Chenani. In the 1941 census, further details of the frontier districts were given:
Ladakh wazarat: Tehsils of Leh, Skardu and Kargil.
Gilgit wazarat: Tehsils of Gilgit and Astore
'*Frontier *illaqas''''': (under the Gilgit Agency) Punial, Ishkoman, Yasin, Kuh-Ghizer, Hunza, Nagar, Chilas.

Prime ministers (Jammu & Kashmir)

#	Name	Took office	Left office
1	Raja Sir Daljit Singh	1917	1921
2	Raja Sir Hari Singh	1925	1927
3	Sir Albion Banerjee	January 1927	March 1929
4	G. E. C. Wakefield	1929	1931
5	last=Copland	first=Ian	title=Islam and Political Mobilization in Kashmir, 1931–34	journal=Pacific Affairs	volume=54	number=2	date=1981	pages=228–259	doi=10.2307/2757363	jstor=2757363}}	1931	1932
6	Elliot James Dowell Colvin	1932	1936
7	Sir Barjor J. Dalal	1936	1936
8	Sir N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar	1937	July 1943
9	Kailash Narain Haksar	July 1943	February 1944
10	Sir B. N. Rau	February 1944	28 June 1945
11	Ram Chandra Kak	28 June 1945	11 August 1947
12	Janak Singh	11 August 1947	15 October 1947
13	Mehr Chand Mahajan	15 October 1947	5 March 1948
14	Sheikh Abdullah	5 March 1948	9 August 1953

Demographics

Population

|1873|1534972 |1891|2543952 |1901|2905578 |1911|3158126 |1921|3320518 |1931|3646243 |1941|4021616

Census Year	Kashmir Province	Jammu & Kashmir Princely State
938,641	491,846	104,485
1,439,543	949,041	155,368
1,521,307	1,157,394	226,877
1,597,865	1,295,201	265,060
1,640,259	1,407,086	273,173
1,788,441	1,569,218	288,584
1,981,433	1,728,705	311,478

Religion

Map of India according to religious affiliations in various regions in 1909

Religious
group	1891	1901	1911	1921	1931	1941	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Islam [[File:Star and Crescent.svg	15px]]	Hinduism [[File:Om.svg	15px]]	Buddhism [[File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg	15px]]	Tribal	Sikhism [[File:Khanda.svg	15px]]	Jainism [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg	15px]]	Christianity [[File:Christian cross.svg	15px]]	Zoroastrianism [[File:Faravahar.svg	15px]]	Judaism [[File:Star_of_David.svg	15px]]	Others	Total population	2,543,952	2,905,578	3,158,126	3,320,518	3,646,243	4,021,616
1,793,710		2,154,695		2,398,320		2,548,514		2,817,636		3,101,247
691,800		689,073		690,390		692,641		736,222		809,165
29,608		35,047		36,512		37,685		38,724		40,696
16,615								134		51
11,399		25,828		31,553		39,507		50,662		65,903
593		442		345		529		597		910
218		422		975		1,634		2,263		3,509
9		11		31		7		5		29
										10
0		60		0		1		0		95
Note: The Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir includes the contemporary administrative divisions of Jammu, Kashmir, Ladakh, Azad Kashmir, and Gilgit-Baltistan.

Jammu Province

Including Jammu District, Kathua District, Udhampur District, Reasi District, Mirpur District, Chenani Jagir, and Poonch Jagir.

Religious
group	1891	1901	1911	1921	1931	1941	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Islam [[File:Star and Crescent.svg	15px]]	Hinduism [[File:Om.svg	15px]]	Sikhism [[File:Khanda.svg	15px]]	Buddhism [[File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg	15px]]	Jainism [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg	15px]]	Christianity [[File:Christian cross.svg	15px]]	Zoroastrianism [[File:Faravahar.svg	15px]]	Tribal	Judaism [[File:Star_of_David.svg	15px]]	Others	Total population	1,439,543	1,521,307	1,597,865	1,640,259	1,788,441	1,981,433
797,459		876,599		953,293		989,644		1,091,021		1,215,676
631,225		626,177		626,439		626,806		665,246		722,835
5,926		13,113		16,659		21,627		29,282		38,566
4,293		4,831		452		442		507		522
593		439		345		528		591		901
46		145		672		1,207		1,753		2,788
1		0		5		5		0		23
0								41		29
										0
0		3		0		0		0		93

Kashmir Province

Including Baramulla District (Kashmir North District), Anantnag District (Kashmir South District), and Muzaffarabad District.

Religious
group	1891	1901	1911	1921	1931	1941	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Islam [[File:Star and Crescent.svg	15px]]	Hinduism [[File:Om.svg	15px]]	Sikhism [[File:Khanda.svg	15px]]	Christianity [[File:Christian cross.svg	15px]]	Zoroastrianism [[File:Faravahar.svg	15px]]	Jainism [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg	15px]]	Buddhism [[File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg	15px]]	Tribal	Judaism [[File:Star_of_David.svg	15px]]	Others	Total population	949,041	1,157,394	1,295,201	1,407,086	1,569,218	1,728,705
883,099		1,083,766		1,217,768		1,324,403		1,478,287		1,615,478
60,316		60,682		62,414		64,594		69,296		85,580
5,473		12,637		14,772		17,742		21,190		27,034
145		244		218		341		339		555
8		11		26		2		5		6
0		2		0		1		3		9
0		0		3		2		5		10
0								93		20
										10
0		52		0		1		0		2

Frontier Regions

Including Ladakh District, Astore District, Gilgit Leased Area, and Gilgit Agency.

Religious
group	1891	1901	1911	1921	1931	1941	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Islam [[File:Star and Crescent.svg	15px]]	Buddhism [[File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg	15px]]	Tribal	Hinduism [[File:Om.svg	15px]]	Christianity [[File:Christian cross.svg	15px]]	Sikhism [[File:Khanda.svg	15px]]	Jainism [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg	15px]]	Zoroastrianism [[File:Faravahar.svg	15px]]	Judaism [[File:Star_of_David.svg	15px]]	Others	Total population	155,368	226,877	265,060	273,173	288,584	311,478
113,152		194,330		227,259		234,467		248,328		270,093
25,315		30,216		36,057		37,241		38,212		40,164
16,615								0		2
259		2,214		1,537		1,241		1,680		750
27		33		85		86		171		166
0		78		122		138		190		303
0		1		0		0		3		0
0		0		0		0		0		0
										0
0		5		0		0		0		0

References

Notes

Bibliography

References

(1908). "Kashmir and Jammu". Secretary of State for India in Council: Oxford at the Clarendon Press.
Sneddon, Christopher. (2021). "Independent Kashmir: An incomplete aspiration". Manchester University Press.
(2005). "Fearful Symmetry: India-Pakistan Crises in the Shadow of Nuclear Weapons". University of Washington Press, and Oxford University Press.
"Kashmir: region, Indian subcontinent".
(2006). "Encyclopedia Americana". Scholastic Library Publishing.
(2003). "Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M". Taylor & Francis.
(7 July 2010). "Q&A: Kashmir dispute - BBC News". BBC News.
Fair, C. Christine. (2014-04-25). "Fighting to the End: The Pakistan Army's Way of War". Oxford University Press.
Schofield, Victoria. (May 6, 2003). "Kashmir in Conflict". I. B.Tauris & Co Ltd..
Bose, Sumantra. (2003). "Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace". Harvard University Press.
(1998-07-20). "History, People, Conflict, Map, & Facts".
"Ceasefire violations in Jammu and Kashmir - A line on fire".
Karim, Maj Gen Afsir. (2013). "Kashmir The Troubled Frontiers". Lancer Publishers LLC.
Copland, Ian. (1981). "Islam and Political Mobilization in Kashmir, 1931–34". Pacific Affairs.
(1891). "Census of India, 1891. Volume XXVIII, The Kashmir state : the report on the census and imperial and supplementary tables".
(1901). "Census of India 1901. Vol. 23A, Kashmir. Pt. 2, Tables.".
(1911). "Census of India 1911. Vol. 20, Kashmir. Pt. 2, Tables.".
(1921). "Census of India 1921. Vol. 22, Kashmir. Pt. 2, Tables.".
(1931). "Census of India 1931. Vol. 24, Jammu & Kashmir State. Pt. 2, Imperial & state tables.".
(1941). "Census of India, 1941. Vol. 22, Jammu & Kashmir".

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