Jacques Delors

French politics

Born in Paris in a family originating from Corrèze, Delors first held in the 1940s through the 1960s a series of posts in French banking and state planning with the Bank of France. As a member of the French Confederation of Christian Workers (CFTC), he participated in its secularization and the foundation of the French Democratic Confederation of Labour (CFDT). In 1969, he became social affairs adviser to the Gaullist Prime Minister Jacques Chaban-Delmas, a move which was presented as part of Chaban's outreach to the centre-ground and first attracted media attention to Delors personally.

In 1957, Delors left the CFDT when he became a high government official to avoid conflicts of interests. In 1974, he joined the Socialist Party, with other left-wing Christians. He was one of the rare members of the party to be openly religious, thus challenging its long-standing secular tradition of laïcité. He served in the European Parliament from 1979 to 1981, becoming chairman of its Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs, actively taking part in debates about economic, social, and monetary policies. Under President François Mitterrand, Delors served as Economics and Finance Minister from 1981 to 1983, and Economics, Finance, and Budget Minister from 1983 to 1984. He advocated a pause in the social policies, a clear acceptance of the market economy, and an alignment with European social democracy. Critically, he held the line on France's membership of the European Monetary System (EMS), giving priority to monetary stability over left-wing spending priorities. Mitterrand flirted with the idea of naming him Prime Minister, but never made the appointment.

President of the European Commission

Delors became the President of the European Commission in January 1985. During his presidency, he oversaw important budgetary reforms and laid the groundwork for the introduction of a single market within the European Community. It came into effect on 1 January 1993 and allowed the free movement of persons, capital, goods, and services within the Community.

Delors also headed the Committee for the Study of Economic and Monetary Union, widely known as the Delors Committee, that in early 1989 proposed the creation of a new currency—the euro—to replace individual national currencies. This was achieved in the 1992 Maastricht Treaty.

In opposition to the strident neoliberalism of US president Ronald Reagan (1981–1989) that dominated the American political agenda, Delors promoted an alternative interpretation of capitalism that embedded it in the European social structure. He synthesized three themes. First, from the left came support for the redistribution of wealth and protection of the weakest. Second, a neo-mercantilist approach was designed to maximize European industrial output. And the third was reliance on the marketplace. His emphasis on the social dimension of Europe was and remains central to a strong narrative that became a key element of the self-identification of the European Union.

The Delors presidency is considered to have been the apex of the European Commission's influence on European integration.

Post-presidency

Delors had a longstanding interest in education. As the initiator of a French law in 1971 (la formation professionnelle continue, FPC) requiring firms to set aside part of their profits for educational opportunities for their employees, he also chaired a UNESCO Commission on Education for the Twenty-first Century from 1993 to 1996, whose final report was published as **. This work continues to have a significant influence on discourse on lifelong learning, forming the conceptual foundation for both the Canadian Composite Learning Index as well as the European Lifelong Learning Indicators (ELLI) project.

In 1994, members of the Socialist Party attempted to persuade Delors to run for president. Polls showed that he would have a very good chance of defeating either of the main conservative contenders, Prime Minister Édouard Balladur and Mayor of Paris Jacques Chirac. However Delors declined to run and the eventual Socialist nominee, Lionel Jospin, was defeated in the 1995 presidential election by Jacques Chirac.

Delors founded the Paris-based, centre-left think tank Notre Europe in 1996 and remained one of its presidents for the rest of his life. He was president of the Conseil de l'emploi, des revenus et de la cohésion sociale, and an honorary member of both the Institut Aspen France and the Club of Rome.

On 15 September 2010, Delors supported the new initiative Spinelli Group, which was founded to reinvigorate the striving for federalization of the European Union. Other prominent supporters include Daniel Cohn-Bendit, Guy Verhofstadt, Sylvie Goulard, Andrew Duff, and Elmar Brok. In 2010, Delors was the first to be given the Leonardo European Corporate Learning Award.

In 2012, Delors stated in the Handelsblatt newspaper that "If the British cannot support the trend towards more integration in Europe, we can nevertheless remain friends, but on a different basis. I could imagine a form such as a European economic area or a free-trade agreement."

On 25 June 2015, Donald Tusk announced that Delors would become the third person to have the title of Honorary Citizen of Europe bestowed upon them, in recognition of "his remarkable contribution to the development of the European project".

In March 2024, Delors was posthumously given a "Special Recognition" award at The Parliament Magazine annual MEP Awards, in recognition of his contributions towards the European project, to mark the awards' 20th anniversary.

Personal life and death

Delors was married to Marie Lephaille until her death in 2020. They had a daughter, Martine Aubry, who served as First Secretary of the Socialist Party from 2008 to 2012, and a son, Jean-Paul Delors, who was a journalist and died aged 29 in 1982 from leukaemia.

Delors died in his sleep at his home in Paris, on 27 December 2023, aged 98. He was honored with a state funeral at the Hôtel des Invalides in Paris on 5 January in the presence of political figures from all over Europe before his burial alongside his wife and his son at the Fontaine-la-Gaillarde cemetery.

Awards

• 1990: Franklin D. Roosevelt Freedom Medal for Freedom of Speech.
• 1998: UEFA President's Award.
• 1999: Member of the Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium.
• 2005: Pax Christi International Peace Award.
• 2015: Honorary Citizen of Europe.
• 2024: Special Recognition 20th Anniversary Award at The Parliament Magazine MEP Awards.

Honours

• Estonia: First Class of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana
• France: Commander of the Legion of Honour (2005; previously appointed Officer in 1999)
• Germany: Medal of the Order of Merit of Baden-Württemberg

Selected works

References

References

1. "European Commission - Discover the former Presidents - Jacques Delors".
2. "Jacques Delors Facts".
3. (27 December 2023). "From community to union: Jacques Delors, champion of Europe". France 24.
4. (2017). "Reconsidering Jacques Delors' leadership of the European Union". Journal of European Integration.
5. "Jacques Delors {{!}} French politician". Encyclopædia Britannica.
6. Michael J. Baun, "The Maastricht Treaty as High Politics: Germany, France, and European Integration." ''Political Science Quarterly'' 110.4 (1995): 605–624. [http://homes.ieu.edu.tr/~aburgin/IREU%20438%20Policy%20Making%20in%20the%20EU/Additional%20Readings/Additional%20Reading%20for%20students/Baun_The%20Maastricht%20Treaty%20as%20High%20Politics%20Germany%20France%20and%20European%20Integration.pdf online] {{Webarchive. link. (9 August 2016)
7. Warlouzet, Laurent. (2017). "Governing Europe in a Globalizing World. Neoliberalism and its Alternatives following the 1973 Oil Crisis". Routledge.
8. Alessandra Bitumi, "'An uplifting tale of Europe'. Jacques Delors and the contradictory quest for a European social model in the Age of Reagan." ''Journal of Transatlantic Studies'' 16.3 (2018): 203–221 [http://www.academia.edu/download/61940641/An_uplifting_tale_of_Europe_Jacques_Delors_and_the_contradictory_quest_for_a_European_social_model_in_the_Age_of_Reagan20200130-80255-t7.pdf online]{{dead link. (July 2022)
9. "UNESCO Task Force on Education, Publications".
10. "Towards an individual right to adult learning for all Europeans". Jacques Delors Institute.
11. (May 2010). "ELLI-Index: A sound measure for lifelong learning in the EU". European Commission: Joint Research Centre:DOI:10.2788/145.
12. Drozdiak, William. (1994-12-13). "Delors' Vow Not to Run Could Boost French Anti-Europe Forces". The Washington Post.
13. (27 December 2023). "Jacques Delors, one of Europe's greats, has died". Le Monde.
14. (2023-12-27). "Jacques Delors, former European Commission president, dies aged 98". The Guardian.
15. Campbell & Pedersen, John L. & Ove K.. (2014). "The National Origins of Policy Ideas: Knowledge Regimes in the United States, France, Germany, and Denmark". Princeton University Press.
16. Stone & Ullrich, Diane & Heidi. (2013). "Policy research institutes and think tanks in Western Europe: Development trends and perspectives".
17. "Spinelli group website, Members of the steering group".
18. "Leonardo".
19. (11 August 2017). "Jacques Delors foresaw the perils of austerity. How we need his wisdom now". The Guardian.
20. "Invitation letter by President Donald Tusk to the members of the European Council – Consilium". [[Europa (web portal).
21. (21 March 2024). "MEP awards: Seven lawmakers recognised for outstanding contribution to EU policymaking". [[Euronews]].
22. "En souvenir de Madame MARIE DELORS".
23. Drake, Helen. (11 September 2002). "Jacques Delors: Perspectives on a European Leader". Routledge.
24. (27 December 2023). "Former EU Commission president Jacques Delors dies at 98". [[France 24]].
25. (5 January 2024). "France bids farewell to former EU chief Delors". [[Le Monde]].
26. (6 January 2024). "Obsèques de Jacques Delors: « Une vie tournée vers les autres »: l'homélie de Mgr Hérouard". [[La Croix (newspaper).
27. "Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Awards". Roosevelt Institute.
28. "UEFA President's Award". [[UEFA]].
29. Index biographique des membres et associés de l'Académie royale de Belgique (1769–2005). p83
30. (31 October 2005). "Pax Christi prize for 2005". Jacques Delors Institute.
31. (25 March 2005). "Décret du 25 mars 2005 portant promotion".
32. (2 April 1999). "Décret du 2 avril 1999 portant promotion et nomination".
33. "Verdienstorden des Landes Baden-Württemberg: Liste der Ordensträger 1975 – 2016". Baden-Württemberg.