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Isotopes of dysprosium
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Naturally occurring dysprosium (66Dy) is composed of 7 stable isotopes, 156Dy, 158Dy, 160Dy, 161Dy, 162Dy, 163Dy and 164Dy, with 164Dy being the most abundant (28.26% natural abundance). Twenty-nine radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 154Dy with a half-life of 1.4 million years, 159Dy with a half-life of 144.4 days, and 166Dy with a half-life of 81.6 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 10 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 30 seconds. This element also has 12 meta states, with the most stable being 165mDy (half-life 1.257 minutes), 147mDy (half-life 55.7 seconds) and 145mDy (half-life 13.6 seconds).
The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 164Dy, is electron capture to isotopes of terbium, and after beta decay to those of holmium. Dysprosium is the heaviest element to have isotopes that are theoretically stable (163, 164), rather than only ones that are observationally stable and predicted to be radioactive. 164Dy has a surprisingly large thermal neutron absorption and the product isotope 165Dy has found medical use (see below).
List of isotopes
Dysprosium-138
|-id=Dysprosium-139 | β+ (~89%)
| 139Tb |
|---|
| β+, p (~11%) |
| 138Gd |
| -id=Dysprosium-140 |
| β+? |
| 140Tb |
| - |
| β+, p? |
| 139Gd |
| -id=Dysprosium-140m |
| 7.0(5) μs |
| IT |
| 140Dy |
| 8− |
| | |-id=Dysprosium-141 | β+
| 141Tb |
|---|
| β+, p? |
| 140Gd |
| -id=Dysprosium-142 |
| β+ (90%) |
| - |
| EC (10%) |
| - |
| β+, p (0.06%) |
| 141Gd |
| -id=Dysprosium-143 |
| β+ |
| 143Tb |
| - |
| β+, p? |
| 142Gd |
| -id=Dysprosium-143m1 |
| β+ |
| 143Tb |
| - |
| β+, p? |
| 142Gd |
| -id=Dysprosium-143m2 |
| 1.2(3) μs |
| IT |
| 143Dy |
| (7/2−) |
| | |-id=Dysprosium-144 | β+
| 144Tb |
|---|
| β+, p? |
| 143Gd |
| -id=Dysprosium-145 |
| β+ |
| 145Tb |
| - |
| β+, p? |
| 144Gd |
| -id=Dysprosium-145m |
| β+ |
| 145Tb |
| - |
| β+, p (~50%) |
| 144Gd |
| -id=Dysprosium-146 |
| 146Dy |
| 145.9328445(72) |
| 33.2(7) s |
| β+ |
| 146Tb |
| 0+ |
| | |-id=Dysprosium-146m | 150(20) ms | IT | 146Dy | 10+ | | |-id=Dysprosium-147 | β+ (99.95%)
| 147Tb |
|---|
| β+, p (0.05%) |
| 146Gd |
| -id=Dysprosium-147m1 |
| β+ (68.9%) |
| 147Tb |
| - |
| IT (31.1%) |
| 147Dy |
| -id=Dysprosium-147m2 |
| 0.40(1) μs |
| IT |
| 147Dy |
| (27/2−) |
| | |-id=Dysprosium-148 | 148Dy | 147.9271499(94) | 3.3(2) min | β+ | 148Tb | 0+ | | |-id=Dysprosium-148m | 471(20) ns | IT | 148Dy | 10+ | | |-id=Dysprosium-149 | 149Dy | 148.9273275(99) | 4.20(14) min | β+ | 149Tb | 7/2− | | |-id=Dysprosium-149m | IT (99.3%)
| 149Dy |
|---|
| β+ (0.7%) |
| 149Tb |
| -id=Dysprosium-150 |
| β+ (66.4%) |
| 150Tb |
| - |
| α (33.6%) |
| 146Gd |
| -id=Dysprosium-151 |
| β+ (94.4%) |
| 151Tb |
| - |
| α (5.6%) |
| 147Gd |
| -id=Dysprosium-152 |
| EC (99.90%) |
| 152Tb |
| - |
| α (0.100%) |
| 148Gd |
| -id=Dysprosium-153 |
| β+ (99.99%) |
| 153Tb |
| - |
| α (0.0094%) |
| 149Gd |
| -id=Dysprosium-154 |
| 154Dy |
| 153.9244289(80) |
| 1.40(8)×106 y |
| αTheorized to also undergo β+β+ decay to 154Gd |
| 150Gd |
| 0+ |
| | |-id=Dysprosium-155 | 155Dy | 154.925758(10) | 9.9(2) h | β+ | 155Tb | 3/2− | | |-id=Dysprosium-155m | 6(1) μs | IT | 155Dy | 11/2− | | |-id=Dysprosium-156 | 156Dy | 155.9242836(11) | 0+ | 5.6(3)×10−4 | |-id=Dysprosium-157 | 157Dy | 156.9254696(55) | 8.14(4) h | β+ | 157Tb | 3/2− | | |-id=Dysprosium-157m1 | 1.3(2) μs | IT | 157Dy | 9/2+ | | |-id=Dysprosium-157m2 | 21.6(16) ms | IT | 157Dy | 11/2− | | |-id=Dysprosium-158 | 158Dy | 157.9244148(25) | 0+ | 9.5(3)×10−4 | |-id=Dysprosium-159 | 159Dy | 158.9257459(15) | 144.4(2) d | EC | 159Tb | 3/2− | | |-id=Dysprosium-159m | 122(3) μs | IT | 159Dy | 11/2− | | |-id=Dysprosium-160 | 160Dy | 159.92520358(75) | 0+ | 0.02329(18) | |-id=Dysprosium-161 | 161DyFission product | 160.92693943(75) | 5/2+ | 0.18889(42) | |-id=Dysprosium-161m | 0.76(17) μs | IT | 161Dy | 11/2− | | |-id=Dysprosium-162 | 162Dy | 161.92680451(75) | 0+ | 0.25475(36) | |-id=Dysprosium-162m | 8.3(3) μs | IT | 162Dy | 8+ | | |-id=Dysprosium-163 | 163Dy | 162.92873722(74) | 5/2− | 0.24896(42) | |-id=Dysprosium-164 | 164DyHeaviest theoretically stable nuclide | 163.92918082(75) | 0+ | 0.28260(54) | |- | 165Dy | 164.93170940(75) | 2.332(4) h | β− | 165Ho | 7/2+ | | |-id=Dysprosium-165m | IT (97.76%)
| 165Dy |
|---|
| β− (2.24%) |
| 165Ho |
| -id=Dysprosium-166 |
| 166Dy |
| 165.93281281(86) |
| 81.6(1) h |
| β− |
| 166Ho |
| 0+ |
| | |-id=Dysprosium-167 | 167Dy | 166.9356824(43) | 6.20(8) min | β− | 167Ho | (1/2−) | | |-id=Dysprosium-168 | 168Dy | 167.93713(15) | 8.7(3) min | β− | 168Ho | 0+ | | |-id=Dysprosium-168m | 0.57(7) μs | IT | 168Dy | (4−) | | |-id=Dysprosium-169 | 169Dy | 168.94032(32) | 39(8) s | β− | 169Ho | (5/2)− | | |-id=Dysprosium-169m | 1.26(17) μs | IT | 169Dy | (1/2−) | | |-id=Dysprosium-170 | 170Dy | 169.94234(22)# | 54.9(80) s | β− | 170Ho | 0+ | | |-id=Dysprosium-170m | 0.99(4) μs | IT | 170Dy | (6+) | | |-id=Dysprosium-171 | 171Dy | 170.94631(22)# | 4.07(40) s | β− | 171Ho | 7/2−# | | |-id=Dysprosium-172 | 172Dy | 171.94873(32)# | 3.4(2) s | β− | 172Ho | 0+ | | |-id=Dysprosium-172m | IT (81%)
| 172Dy |
|---|
| β− (19%) |
| 172Ho |
| -id=Dysprosium-173 |
| β− |
| 173Ho |
| - |
| β−, n? |
| 172Ho |
| -id=Dysprosium-174 |
| [300 ns] |
| β−? |
| 174Ho |
| - |
| β−, n? |
| 173Ho |
| -id=Dysprosium-175 |
| [550 ns] |
| β−? |
| 175Ho |
| - |
| β−, n? |
| 174Ho |
| -id=Dysprosium-176 |
| [550 ns] |
| β−? |
| 176Ho |
| - |
| β−, n? |
| 175Ho |
Dysprosium-165
The radioactive isotope 165Dy, with a half-life of 2.332 hours, has radiopharmaceutical uses in radiation synovectomy of the knee. It had been previously performed with colloidal-sized particles containing longer-lived isotopes such as 198Au and 90Y. The major problem with the usage of those isotopes was radiation leakage out of the knee. 165Dy, with its shorter half-life and thus shorter period of potential radiation leakage, is more suitable for the procedure.
References
References
- (2022-05-28). "High precision half-life measurement of the extinct radio-lanthanide Dysprosium-154". Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
- M. Jung. (1992-10-12). "First observation of bound-state β− decay". Physical Review Letters.
- (1978-03-01). "Dysprosium-165 ferric hydroxide macroaggregates for radiation synovectomy. [Rabbits]". J. Nucl. Med.; (United States).
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