Isotopes of bromine

List of isotopes

Bromine-65

|-id=Bromine-67 | 67Br | | | | | | | |-id=Bromine-68 | 68Br | 67.95836(28)# | ~35 ns | p? | 67Se | 3+# | | |-id=Bromine-69 | 69Br | 68.950338(45) | | p | 68Se | (5/2−) | | |-id=Bromine-70 | β+

| | |-id=Bromine-72 | 72Br | 71.9365946(11) | 78.6(24) s | β+ | 72Se | 1+ | | |-id=Bromine-72m | IT

| | |-id=Bromine-74 | 74Br | 73.9299103(63) | 25.4(3) min | β+ | 74Se | (0−) | | |-id=Bromine-74m | 46(2) min | β+ | 74Se | 4+ | | |- | β+ (76%)

| | |-id=Bromine-78 | β+ (99.99%)

| | |-id=Bromine-79 | 79Br | 78.9183376(11) | 3/2− | 0.5065(9) | |-id=Bromine-79m | 4.85(4) s | IT | 79Br | 9/2+ | | |-id=Bromine-80 | β− (91.7%)

| | |-id=Bromine-81 | 81BrFission product | 80.9162882(10) | 3/2− | 0.4935(9) | |-id=Bromine-81m | 34.6(28) μs | IT | 81Br | 9/2+ | | |-id=Bromine-82 | 82Br | 81.9168018(10) | 35.282(7) h | β− | 82Kr | 5− | | |-id=Bromine-82m | IT (97.6%)

| | |-id=Bromine-83m | 729(77) ns | IT | 83Br | (19/2−) | | |-id=Bromine-84 | 84Br | 83.9165136(17) | 31.76(8) min | β− | 84Kr | 2− | | |-id=Bromine-84m1 | 6.0(2) min | β− | 84Kr | (6)− | | |-id=Bromine-84m2 | | IT | 84Br | 1+ | | |-id=Bromine-85 | 85Br | 84.9156458(33) | 2.90(6) min | β− | 85m1Kr | 3/2− | | |-id=Bromine-86 | 86Br | 85.9188054(33) | 55.1(4) s | β− | 86Kr | (1−) | | |-id=Bromine-87 | β− (97.40%)

| | |-id=Bromine-89 | β− (86.2%)

| | | |-id=Bromine-92m2 | 85(10) ns | IT | 92Br | | | |-id=Bromine-93 | β−, n (64%)

| | | |-id=Bromine-95 | β−?

| | | |-id=Bromine-96 | β−?

| | | |-id=Bromine-97 | β−?

| | | | | | | |-id=Bromine-100 | 100Br | | | | | | | |-id=Bromine-101 | 101Br | | | | | | |

Bromine-75

Bromine-75 has a half-life of 97 minutes. This isotope undergoes positron emission rather than electron capture about 76% of the time, so it was used for diagnosis and positron emission tomography (PET) in the 1980s. However, its decay product, selenium-75, produces secondary radioactivity with a longer half-life of around 120 days.

Bromine-76

Bromine-76 has a half-life of 16.2 hours. While its decay is more energetic than 75Br and has a lower yield of positrons, about 57% of decays, bromine-76 has been preferred in PET applications since the 1980s because of its longer half-life and easier synthesis, and because its decay product, 76Se, is not radioactive.

Bromine-77

Bromine-77 is the most stable radioisotope of bromine, with a half-life of 57.04 hours. Although β+ decay is possible for this isotope, about 99.3% of decays are by electron capture. Despite its complex emission spectrum, featuring strong gamma-ray emissions at 239, 297, 521, and 579 keV, 77Br was used in SPECT imaging in the 1970s. However, except for longer-term tracing, this is no longer considered practical due to the difficult collimator requirements and the proximity of the 521 keV line to the 511 keV annihilation radiation related to the β+ decay. The Auger electrons emitted during decay are nevertheless well-suited for radiotherapy, and 77Br can possibly be paired with the imaging-suited 76Br (produced as an impurity in common synthesis routes) for this application.

References

References

1. (January 2021). "Expanding PET-applications in life sciences with positron-emitters beyond fluorine-18". Nuclear Medicine and Biology.
2. (1 October 1983). "Radionuclides of Bromine for Use in Biomedical Studies". Ract.
3. (1 June 1994). "Production and Purification of 77 Br Suitable for Labeling Monoclonal Antibodies Used in Tumor Imaging". Ract.
4. Wimmer, K.. (2019). "Discovery of ⁶⁸Br in secondary reactions of radioactive beams". Physics Letters B.
5. (May 1982). "Lethality of Auger Electrons from the Decay of Bromine-77 in the DNA of Mammalian Cells". Radiation Research.
6. (2024). "Isomeric states of fission fragments explored via Penning trap mass spectrometry at IGISOL". Physical Review C.
7. ENSDF analysis available at {{NNDC
8. (8 April 2024). "Production of new neutron-rich isotopes near the N = 60 isotones Ge 92 and As 93 by in-flight fission of a 345 MeV/nucleon U 238 beam". Physical Review C.
9. (2021). "Observation of new neutron-rich isotopes in the vicinity of Zr110". Physical Review C.
10. {{NUBASE2020
11. (May 2012). "Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 77". Nuclear Data Sheets.
12. (January 2024). "Evaluation of the cross section data for the low and medium energy cyclotron production of 77Br radionuclide". Radiation Physics and Chemistry.