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Isotopes of bismuth

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Bismuth (83Bi) has 41 known isotopes, ranging from 184Bi to 224Bi. Bismuth has no stable isotopes, but does have one naturally occurring, very long-lived isotope; thus, the standard atomic weight can be given from that isotope, bismuth-209. Though it is now known to be radioactive, it may still be considered practically stable because it has a half-life of 2.01×1019 years, which is more than a billion times the age of the universe.

Besides 209Bi, the most stable bismuth radioisotopes are 210mBi with a half-life of 3.04 million years, 208Bi with a half-life of 368,000 years and 207Bi, with a half-life of 31.22 years, none of which occur in nature. All other isotopes have half-lives under 15 days, most under two hours. Of naturally occurring radioisotopes, the most stable is radiogenic 210Bi with a half-life of 5.012 days. 210mBi is unusual for being a nuclear isomer with a half-life many orders of magnitude longer than that of the ground state.

List of isotopes

Bismuth-185m1

|-id=Bismuth-184 | 184Bi | | 184.00135(13)# | | α | 180Tl | 3+# | |-id=Bismuth-184m | | | α | 180Tl | 10−# | |-id=Bismuth-185 | p (92%)

184Pb
α (8%)
181Tl
-id=Bismuth-185m

| | | IT | 185Bi | (7/2−, 9/2−) | |-id=Bismuth-186 | α (99.99%)

182Tl
β+ (?%)
186Pb
-
β+, SF (0.011%)
(various)
-id=Bismuth-186m
α (99.99%)
182Tl
-
β+ (?%)
186Pb
-
β+, SF (0.011%)
(various)
-id=Bismuth-187
187Bi

| | 186.993147(11) | | α | 183Tl | (9/2−) | |-id=Bismuth-187m1 | | | α | 183Tl | 1/2+ | |-id=Bismuth-187m2 | | | IT | 187Bi | (13/2+) | |-id=Bismuth-188 | α

184Tl
β+, SF (0.0014%)
(various)
-id=Bismuth-188m1

| | | | | 7+# | |-id=Bismuth-188m2 | α

184Tl
β+, SF (0.0046%)
(various)
-id=Bismuth-189
189Bi

| | 188.989195(22) | | α | 185Tl | 9/2− | |-id=Bismuth-189m1 | α (83%)

185Tl
IT (17%)
189Bi
-id=Bismuth-189m2

| | | IT | 189Bi | 13/2+ | |-id=Bismuth-190 | α (77%)

186Tl
β+ (23%)
190Pb
-
β+, SF (6×10−6%)
(various)
-id=Bismuth-190m1
α (70%)
186Tl
-
β+ (30%)
190Pb
-
β+, SF (4×10−6%)
(various)
-id=Bismuth-190m2

| | | IT | 190Bi | (5−) | |-id=Bismuth-190m3 | | | IT | 190Bi | (8−) | |-id=Bismuth-191 | α (51%)

187Tl
β+ (49%)
191Pb
-id=Bismuth-191m1
α (68%)
187Tl
-
IT (?%)
191Bi
-
β+ (?%)
191Pb
-id=Bismuth-191m2

| | | IT | 191Bi | 13/2+ | |-id=Bismuth-191m3 | | | IT | 191Bi | 25/2-# | |-id=Bismuth-192 | β+ (88%)

192Pb
α (12%)
188Tl
-id=Bismuth-192m
β+ (90%)
192Pb
-
α (10%)
188Tl
-id=Bismuth-193
β+ (96.5%)
193Pb
-
α (3.5%)
189Tl
-id=Bismuth-193m1
α (84%)
189Tl
-
β+ (16%)
193Pb
-id=Bismuth-193m2

| | | IT | 193Bi | 13/2+ | |-id=Bismuth-193m3 | | | IT | 193Bi | 29/2+ | |-id=Bismuth-193m4 | | | IT | 193Bi | (29/2−) | |-id=Bismuth-194 | β+ (99.54%)

194Pb
α (0.46%)
190Tl
-id=Bismuth-194m1

| | | β+ | 194Pb | (6+, 7+) | |-id=Bismuth-194m2 | β+ (99.80%)

194Pb
α (0.20%)
190Tl
-id=Bismuth-195
β+ (99.97%)
195Pb
-
α (0.030%)
191Tl
-id=Bismuth-195m1
β+ (67%)
195Pb
-
α (33%)
191Tl
-id=Bismuth-195m2

| | | IT | 195Bi | (29/2−) | |-id=Bismuth-195m3 | | | IT | 195Bi | 29/2+ | |-id=Bismuth-196 | β+

196Pb
α (0.00115%)
192Tl
-id=Bismuth-196m1

| | | IT | 196Bi | (7+) | |-id=Bismuth-196m2 | β+ (74.2%)

196Pb
IT (25.8%)
196Bi
-
α (3.8×10−4%)
196Bi
-id=Bismuth-197
197Bi

| | 196.978865(9) | | β+ | 197Pb | 9/2− | |-id=Bismuth-197m1 | α (55%)

193Tl
β+ (45%)
197Pb
-id=Bismuth-197m2

| | | IT | 197Bi | (29/2−) | |-id=Bismuth-197m3 | | | IT | 197Bi | (31/2−) | |-id=Bismuth-198 | 198Bi | | 197.979201(30) | | β+ | 198Pb | 3+ | |-id=Bismuth-198m1 | | | β+ | 198Pb | 7+ | |-id=Bismuth-198m2 | | | IT | 198Bi | 10− | |-id=Bismuth-199 | 199Bi | | 198.977673(11) | | β+ | 199Pb | 9/2− | |-id=Bismuth-199m1 | β+ (98%)

199Pb
IT (
199Bi
-
α (0.01%)
195Tl
-id=Bismuth-199m2

| | | IT | 199Bi | 25/2+# | |-id=Bismuth-199m3 | | | IT | 199Bi | 29/2−# | |-id=Bismuth-200 | 200Bi | | 199.978131(24) | | β+ | 200Pb | 7+ | |-id=Bismuth-200m1 | β+ (?%)

200Pb
IT (?%)
200Bi
-id=Bismuth-200m2

| | | IT | 200Bi | (10−) | |-id=Bismuth-201 | 201Bi | | 200.976995(13) | | β+ | 201Pb | 9/2− | |-id=Bismuth-201m1 | β+

201Pb
α (?%)
197Tl
-id=Bismuth-201m2

| | | IT | 201Bi | 25/2+# | |-id=Bismuth-201m3 | | | IT | 201Bi | 27/2+# | |-id=Bismuth-201m4 | | | IT | 201Bi | 29/2−# | |-id=Bismuth-202 | β+

202Pb
α (−5%)
198Tl
-id=Bismuth-202m1

| | | IT | 202Bi | 10−# | |-id=Bismuth-202m2 | | | IT | 202Bi | (17+) | |-id=Bismuth-203 | 203Bi | | 202.976892(14) | | β+ | 203Pb | 9/2− | |-id=Bismuth-203m1 | | | IT | 203Bi | 1/2+ | |-id=Bismuth-203m2 | | | IT | 203Bi | 25/2+ | |-id=Bismuth-204 | 204Bi | | 203.977836(10) | | β+ | 204Pb | 6+ | |-id=Bismuth-204m1 | | | IT | 204Bi | 10− | |-id=Bismuth-204m2 | | | IT | 204Bi | 17+ | |-id=Bismuth-205 | 205Bi | | 204.977385(5) | | β+ | 205Pb | 9/2− | |-id=Bismuth-205m1 | | | IT | 205Bi | 1/2+ | |-id=Bismuth-205m2 | | | IT | 205Bi | 21/2+ | |-id=Bismuth-205m3 | | | IT | 205Bi | 25/2+ | |-id=Bismuth-206 | 206Bi | | 205.978499(8) | | β+ | 206Pb | 6+ | |-id=Bismuth-206m1 | | | IT | 206Bi | 4+ | |-id=Bismuth-206m2 | | | IT | 206Bi | 10− | |-id=Bismuth-206m3 | | | IT | 206Bi | (28−) | |-id=Bismuth-206m4 | | | IT | 206Bi | (31+) | |-id=Bismuth-207 | 207Bi | | 206.9784706(26) | | β+ | 207Pb | 9/2− | |-id=Bismuth-207m | | | IT | 207Bi | 21/2+ | |-id=Bismuth-208 | 208Bi | | 207.9797421(25) | | β+ | 208Pb | 5+ | |-id=Bismuth-208m | | | IT | 208Bi | 10− | |- | 209Bi Formerly believed to be final decay product of 4n+1 decay chainPrimordial radioisotope, also some is radiogenic from the extinct nuclide 237Np | | 208.9803986(15) | ****Formerly believed to be the heaviest stable nuclide | α | 205Tl | 9/2− | 1.0000 |-id=Bismuth-210 | β−

210Po
α (1.32×10−4%)
206Tl
-id=Bismuth-210m

| | | α | 206Tl | 9− | |-id=Bismuth-211 | α (99.72%)

207Tl
β− (0.276%)
211Po
-id=Bismuth-211m

| | | IT | 211Bi | (25/2−) | |-id=Bismuth-212 | β− (64.05%)

212Po
α (35.94%)
208Tl
-
β−, α (0.014%)
208Pb
-id=Bismuth-212m1
α (67%)
208Tl
-
β−, α (30%)
208Pb
-
β− (3%)
212Po
-id=Bismuth-212m2

| | | β− | 212Po | (18−) | |- Used in medicine such as for cancer treatment. | β− (97.91%)

213Po
α (2.09%)
209Tl
-id=Bismuth-213m

| | | | | 25/2−# | |-id=Bismuth-214 | β− (99.98%)

214Po
α (0.021%)
210Tl
-
β−, α (0.003%)
210Pb
-id=Bismuth-214m

| | | | | 8−# | |-id=Bismuth-215 | 215Bi | | 215.001749(6) | | β− | 215Po | (9/2−) | Trace |-id=Bismuth-215m | IT (76.9%)

215Bi
β− (23.1%)
215Po
-id=Bismuth-216
216Bi

| | 216.006306(12) | | β− | 216Po | (6−, 7−) | |-id=Bismuth-216m | | | β− | 216Po | 3−# | |-id=Bismuth-217 | 217Bi | | 217.009372(19) | | β− | 217Po | 9/2−# | |-id=Bismuth-217m | | | IT | 217Bi | 25/2−# | |-id=Bismuth-218 | 218Bi | | 218.014188(29) | | β− | 218Po | 8−# | |-id=Bismuth-219 | 219Bi | | 219.01752(22)# | | β− | 219Po | 9/2−# | |-id=Bismuth-220 | 220Bi | | 220.02250(32)# | | β− | 220Po | 1−# | |-id=Bismuth-221 | 221Bi | | 221.02598(32)# | [300 ns] | | | 9/2−# | |-id=Bismuth-222 | 222Bi | | 222.03108(32)# | [300 ns] | | | 1−# | |-id=Bismuth-223 | 223Bi | | 223.03461(43)# | [300 ns] | | | 9/2−# | |-id=Bismuth-224 | 224Bi | | 224.03980(43)# | [300 ns] | | | 1−# |

Bismuth-213

Bismuth-213 (213Bi) has a half-life of 45.6 minutes and decays mainly by beta emission to polonium-213; with only 2.1% going via alpha emission to thallium-209; however, as the polonium instantly decays by alpha, one alpha particle is emitted per atom. The amounts needed for medical use are always produced through its decay chain (the neptunium series) from either thorium-229 (limited supply due to the long life of that isotope) or actinium-225, which can be produced directly from radium-226, for example by bombardment with bremsstrahlung photons from a linear particle accelerator, knocking out a neutron and through beta decay giving actinium-225.

In 1997, an antibody conjugate with 213Bi was used to treat patients with leukemia, and this isotope has otherwise been used in targeted alpha therapy (TAT) to treat a variety of cancers.

Bismuth-213 is also produced in the decay of uranium-233, the fuel bred by thorium reactors, but as mentioned this goes through the long-lived thorium-229, so the production rates from each reactor will not be large.

References

(1 October 2003). "α-decay spectroscopy of light odd-odd Bi isotopes - II: ¹⁸⁶Bi and the new nuclide ¹⁸⁴Bi". The European Physical Journal A.
(12 November 2021). "Solving the Puzzles of the Decay of the Heaviest Known Proton-Emitting Nucleus ¹⁸⁵Bi". Physical Review Letters.
Tuggle, D. G.. (August 1976). "Decay studies of a long lived high spin isomer of ²¹⁰Bi". Lawrence Berkeley Lab.
"Adopted Levels for ²¹⁵Bi". NNDC Chart of Nuclides.
(2001). "Advancements in cancer therapy with alpha-emitters: a review". International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics.

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