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ISO 15919

Transliteration of Devanagari and related Indic scripts into Latin characters

Transliteration of Devanagari and related Indic scripts into Latin characters

ISO 15919 is an international standard for the romanization of Indic scripts. Published in 2001, it is part of a series of romanization standards by the International Organization for Standardization.

Overview

7-bit
ISODevanagariNastaliqBengaliGurmukhiGujaratiOdiaTamilTeluguMalayalamKannadaKaithiSinhalaTibetanThaiSaurashtra
अ{{Nastaliqاَ}}অਅઅଅஅఅഅಅ𑂃අཨอꢂ
आ{{Nastaliqآ}}আਆઆଆஆఆആಆ𑂄ආཨཱอาꢃ
ඇ
ඈ
इ{{Nastaliqاِ}}ইਇઇଇஇఇഇಇ𑂅ඉཨིอิꢄ
ई{{Nastaliqاِی}}ঈਈઈଈஈఈഈಈ𑂆ඊཨཱིอีꢅ
उ{{Nastaliqاُ}}উਉઉଉஉఉഉಉ𑂇උཨུอุꢆ
ऊ{{Nastaliqاُو}}ঊਊઊଊஊఊഊಊ𑂈ඌཨཱུอูꢇ
്
ऋঋઋଋఋഋಋඍརྀฤꢈ
ॠৠૠୠౠൠೠඎརཱྀฤๅꢉ
ऌঌઌଌఌഌಌඏལྀฦꢊ
ॡৡૡୡౡൡೡඐལཱྀฦๅꢋ
ऎஎఎഎಎඑꢌ
ए{{Nastaliqاے}}এਏએଏஏఏഏಏ𑂉ඒཨེเอꢍ
ऍঅ্যাઍ
ऐ{{Nastaliqاَے}}ঐਐઐଐஐఐഐಐ𑂊ඓཨཻไอꢎ
ऒஒఒഒಒඔꢏ
ओ{{Nastaliqاو}}ওਓઓଓஓఓഓಓ𑂋ඕཨོโอꢐ
ऑঅઑ
औ{{Nastaliqاَو}}ঔਔઔଔஔఔഔಔ𑂌ඖཨཽเอาꢑ
ं{{Nastaliqں}}ংਂંଂஂంംಂංอํ
ੰ
ँ{{Nastaliqں}}ঁਁઁଁఀ
ఁ
ः{{Nastaliqہ}}ঃਃઃଃఃഃಃඃ
ᳵೱ
ᳶೲ
ஃ
क{{Nastaliqک}}কਕકକகకകಕ𑂍කཀกꢒ
ख{{Nastaliqکھ}}খਖખଖఖഖಖ𑂎ඛཁขꢓ
ग{{Nastaliqگ}}গਗગଗగഗಗ𑂏ගགคꢔ
घ{{Nastaliqگھ}}ঘਘઘଘఘഘಘ𑂐ඝགྷฆꢕ
ङ{{Nastaliqن٘}}ঙਙઙଙஙఙങಙ𑂑ඞངงꢖ
ඟ
च{{Nastaliqچ}}চਚચଚசచചಚ𑂒චཅจꢗ
ౘ
छ{{Nastaliqچھ}}ছਛછଛఛഛಛ𑂓ඡཆฉꢘ
ज{{Nastaliqج}}জਜજଜஜజജಜ𑂔ජཇชꢙ
झ{{Nastaliqجھ}}ঝਝઝଝఝഝಝ𑂕ඣཛྷฌꢚ
ञ{{Nastaliqڃ}}ঞਞઞଞஞఞഞಞ𑂖ඤཉญꢛ
ඦ
ट{{Nastaliqٹ}}টਟટଟடటടಟ𑂗ටཊฏꢜ
ठ{{Nastaliqٹھ}}ঠਠઠଠఠഠಠ𑂘ඨཋฐꢝ
ड{{Nastaliqڈ}}ডਡડଡడഡಡ𑂙ඩཌฑꢞ
ढ{{Nastaliqڈھ}}ঢਢઢଢఢഢಢ𑂛ඪཌྷฒꢟ
ड़{{Nastaliqڑ}}ড়ੜଡ଼
ढ़{{Nastaliqڑھ}}ঢ়ଢ଼
ण{{Nastaliqݨ}}ণਣણଣணణണಣ𑂝ණཎณꢠ
ඬ
त{{Nastaliqت}}তਤતତதతതತ𑂞තཏตꢡ
थ{{Nastaliqتھ}}থਥથଥథഥಥ𑂟ථཐถꢢ
द{{Nastaliqد}}দਦદଦదദದ𑂠දདทꢣ
ध{{Nastaliqدھ}}ধਧધଧధധಧ𑂡ධདྷธꢤ
न{{Nastaliqن}}নਨનନநనനನ𑂢නནนꢥ
ඳ
प{{Nastaliqپ}}পਪપପபపപಪ𑂣පཔปꢦ
फ{{Nastaliqپھ}}ফਫફଫఫഫಫ𑂤ඵཕผꢧ
ब{{Nastaliqب}}বਬબବబബಬ𑂥බབพꢨ
भ{{Nastaliqبھ}}ভਭભଭభഭಭ𑂦භབྷภꢩ
म{{Nastaliqم}}মਮમମமమമಮ𑂧මམมꢪ
ඹ
ऱর়றఱറಱ
ഺ
ऩন়னഩ
ऴழఴഴೞ
य{{Nastaliqی}}যਯયଯயయയಯ𑂨යཡยꢫ
य़য়ୟ
र{{Nastaliqر}}র, ৰਰરରரరരರ𑂩රརรꢬ
र्‍
ल{{Nastaliqل}}লਲલଲலలലಲ𑂪ලལลꢭ
ळࣇਲ਼ળଳளళളಳළฬꢳ
व{{Nastaliqو}}ৱਵવଵவవവವ𑂫වཝวꢮ
श{{Nastaliqش}}শਸ਼શଶஶశശಶ𑂬ශཤศꢯ
षষષଷஷషഷಷ𑂭ෂཥษꢰ
स{{Nastaliqس}}সਸસସஸసസಸ𑂮සསสꢱ
ह{{Nastaliqہ}}হਹહହஹహഹಹ𑂯හཧหꢲ
ऽঽઽଽఽഽಽ
क़{{Nastaliqق}}ক়ਕ਼ક઼
ख़{{Nastaliqخ}}খ়ਖ਼ખ઼
ग़{{Nastaliqغ}}গ়ਗ਼ગ઼
ज़{{Nastaliqز}}জ়ਜ਼જ઼ౙಜ಼
फ़{{Nastaliqف}}ফ়ਫ਼ફ઼ಫ಼ෆ
व़{{Nastaliqو}}ৱ়ୱ
{{Nastaliqث}}
{{Nastaliqص}}
{{Nastaliqح}}
{{Nastaliqط}}
{{Nastaliqع}}
झ़{{Nastaliqژ}}ঝ়
{{Nastaliqذ}}
{{Nastaliqض}}
{{Nastaliqظ}}

Relation to other systems

ISO 15919 is an international standard for the romanization of many Brahmic scripts, which was agreed upon in 2001 by a network of the national standards institutes of 157 countries. However, the Hunterian transliteration system is the "national system of romanization in India" and a United Nations expert group noted about ISO 15919 that "there is no evidence of the use of the system either in India or in international cartographic products."

Another standard, United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names (UNRSGN), was developed by the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN) and covers many Brahmic scripts.

The ALA-LC romanization was approved by the Library of Congress and the American Library Association and is a US standard. The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST) is not a standard (as no specification exists for it) but a convention developed in Europe for the transliteration of Sanskrit rather than the transcription of Brahmic scripts.

As a notable difference, both international standards, ISO 15919 and UNRSGN transliterate anusvara as ṁ, while ALA-LC and IAST use ṃ for it. However, ISO 15919 provides guidance towards disambiguating between various anusvara situations (such as labial versus dental nasalizations), which is described in the table below.

Comparison with [[United Nations romanization systems for geographical names|UNRSGN]] and [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]

The table below shows the differences between ISO 15919, UNRSGN and IAST for Devanagari transliteration.

DevanagariISO 15919UNRSGNIASTComment
ए / ेeTo distinguish between long and short 'e' in Dravidian languages, 'e' now represents ऎ / ॆ (short). The use of is considered optional in ISO 15919, and using for ए (long) is acceptable for languages that do not distinguish long and short e.
ओ / ोoTo distinguish between long and short 'o' in Dravidian languages, 'o' now represents ऒ / ॊ (short). The use of is considered optional in ISO 15919, and using for ओ (long) is acceptable for languages that do not distinguish long and short o.
ऋ / ृṛIn ISO 15919, ṛ is used to represent ड़.
ॠ / ॄṝFor consistency with r̥
ऌ / ॢl̤In ISO 15919, ḷ is used to represent ळ.
ॡ / ॣl̤̄For consistency with l̥
◌ंṁISO 15919 has two options about anusvāra. (1) In the simplified nasalization option, an anusvāra is always transliterated as ṁ. (2) In the strict nasalization option, anusvāra before a class consonant is transliterated as the class nasal—ṅ before k, kh, g, gh, ṅ; ñ before c, ch, j, jh, ñ; ṇ before ṭ, ṭh, ḍ, ḍh, ṇ; n before t, th, d, dh, n; m before p, ph, b, bh, m. ṃ is sometimes used to specifically represent the Gurmukhi tippi ੰ.
◌ँVowel nasalization is transliterated as a tilde above the transliterated vowel (over the second vowel in the case of a digraph such as aĩ, aũ), except in Sanskrit.

Font support

Only certain fonts support all Latin Unicode characters for the transliteration of Indic scripts according to this standard. For example, Tahoma supports almost all the characters needed. Arial and Times New Roman font packages that come with Microsoft Office 2007 and later also support most Latin Extended Additional characters like ḍ, ḷ, ṛ, ṣ and ṭ.

There is no standard keyboard layout for ISO 15919 input but many systems provide a way to select Unicode characters visually. ISO/IEC 14755 refers to this as a screen-selection entry method.

Notes

References

References

  1. United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2007). "Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names". United Nations Publications, 2007.
  2. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (1955). "United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Far East, Volume 2". United Nations, 1955.
  3. National Library (India). (1960). "Indian scientific & technical publications, exhibition 1960: a bibliography". Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Government of India, 1960.
  4. "UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems".
  5. (March 2016). "Differences between ISO 15919 and UNRSGN".
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