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Indoxacarb

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Indoxacarb is an oxadiazine pesticide developed by DuPont that acts against lepidopteran larvae. It is marketed under the names Indoxacarb Technical Insecticide, Steward Insecticide and Avaunt Insecticide. It is also used as the active ingredient in the Syngenta line of commercial pesticides: Advion and Arilon.

Its main mode of action is via blocking of neuronal sodium channels, belonging to IRAC group 22A. It is fairly lipophilic with a Kow of 4.65. This pesticide should be used with caution since some insects such as the oriental tobacco budworm (Helicoverpa assulta) become resistant when exposed.

In 2021, the European Union chose not to renew Indoxacarb for use as a plant-protection insecticide. The United Kingdom still allows use of the compound until 2025.

Development

Indoxacarb was developed by the McCann et al. team at E. I. du Pont de Nemours.

Household products

Indoxacarb is the active ingredient in a number of household insecticides, including cockroach and ant baits, and can remain active after digestion.{{cite web |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080627103446/http://www.scientificblogging.com/news_releases/indoxacarb_insecticide_wipes_out_entire_cockroach_generations |url-status = live |archive-date = June 27, 2008 |access-date = 2009-12-14 In 2012 DuPont's Professional Products including the line of Advion and Arilon products was purchased by Syngenta. Indoxacarb is the active ingredient in the pet product, Activyl, from Merck Animal Health. It is marketed to kill fleas on dogs and cats.

Toxicity to humans

While toxicity to humans has not been formally studied, there is a reported case of a person consuming indoxacarb in a suicide attempt. The patient developed methemoglobinemia following ingestion. Methemoglobinemia (also known as blue baby syndrome) is a condition which ultimately decreases the effectiveness of red blood cells to exchange oxygen with organs. Methemoglobinemia can be fatal if left untreated, however when the cause is exposure to a chemical agent (not genetic) a variety of treatments are available and effective.

References

References

  1. (25 January 2019). "Modern Crop Protection Compounds". Wiley-VCH.
  2. [http://www.epa.gov/opprd001/factsheets/indoxacarb.pdf United States Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances (7505C). Pesticide Fact Sheet. Name of Chemical: Indoxacarb. Reason for Issuance: Conditional Registration. Date Issued: October 30, 2000. ] {{webarchive. link. (May 2, 2004)
  3. [https://archive.today/20120803095707/http://www.epa.gov/EPA-PEST/2007/July/Day-11/p13339.htm United States Environmental Protection Agency. Federal Register: Indoxacarb; Pesticide Tolerance. Federal Register: July 11, 2007 (Volume 72, Number 132) ]
  4. [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:025:0024:0027:EN:PDF Commission Directive 2006/10/EC of 27 January 2006 amending Council Directive 91/414/EEC to include forchlorfenuron and indoxacarb as active substances. Official Journal of the European Union 2006-1-28]
  5. (2010-01-01). "Influence of three diets on susceptibility of selected insecticides and activities of detoxification esterases of Helicoverpa assulta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)". Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology.
  6. (26 November 2021). "C/2021/8467, Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/2081 of 26 November 2021 concerning the non-renewal of approval of the active substance indoxacarb, in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market, and amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 540/2011 (Text with EEA relevance)".
  7. "UK authorised biocidal products - Biocides - HSE".
  8. (2001). "The discovery of indoxacarb: oxadiazines as a new class of pyrazoline-type insecticides". [[Society of Chemical Industry]] ([[Wiley Publishing.
  9. (2001-07-23). "Synthesis and Chemistry of Agrochemicals VI". [[American Chemical Society]].
  10. "Syngenta Acquires DuPont Professional Products Insecticide Business".
  11. "Activyl".
  12. (2008). "Indoxacarb poisoning: An unusual presentation as methemoglobinemia". Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine.
  13. Rehman, Habib Ur. (September 2001). "Methemoglobinemia". The Western Journal of Medicine.
  14. (2023). "Methemoglobinemia". StatPearls Publishing.
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