I

Name

In English, the name of the letter is the "long I" sound, pronounced . In most other languages, its name matches the letter's pronunciation in open syllables.

History

In the Phoenician alphabet, the letter may have originated in a hieroglyph for an arm that represented a voiced pharyngeal fricative () in Egyptian, but was reassigned to (as in English "yes") by Semites because their word for "arm" began with that sound. This letter could also be used to represent , the close front unrounded vowel, mainly in foreign words.

The Greeks adopted a form of this Phoenician yodh as their letter iota () to represent , the same as in the Old Italic alphabet. In Latin (as in Modern Greek), it was also used to represent and this use persists in the languages that descended from Latin. The modern letter 'j' originated as a variation of 'i', and both were used interchangeably for both the vowel and the consonant, coming to be differentiated only in the 16th century.

Typographic variants

In some sans serif typefaces, the uppercase may be difficult to distinguish from the lowercase letter L, 'l', the vertical bar character '|', or the digit one '1'. In serifed typefaces, the capital form of the letter has both a baseline and a cap height serif, while the lowercase L generally has a hooked ascender and a baseline serif.

The dot over the lowercase 'i' is sometimes called a tittle. The uppercase I does not have a dot, while the lowercase 'i' does in most Latin-derived alphabets. The dot can be considered optional and is usually removed when applying other diacritics. However, some schemes, such as the Turkish alphabet, have two kinds of I: dotted and dotless. In Turkish, dotted İ and dotless I are considered separate letters, representing a front and back vowel, respectively, and both have uppercase ('I', 'İ') and lowercase ('ı', 'i') forms.

The uppercase I has two kinds of shapes, with serifs ([[File:I with crossbars.svg|class=skin-invert-image|x15px]]) and without serifs ([[File:I without crossbars.svg|class=skin-invert-image|x15px]]). Usually these are considered equivalent, but they are distinguished in some extended Latin alphabet systems, such as the 1978 version of the African reference alphabet. In that system, the former is the uppercase counterpart of ɪ and the latter is the counterpart of 'i'.

Use in writing systems

English

In Modern English spelling, represents several different sounds, either the diphthong ("long" ) as in kite, the short as in bill, or the sound in the last syllable of machine. The diphthong developed from Middle English through a series of vowel shifts. In the Great Vowel Shift, Middle English changed to Early Modern English , which later changed to and finally to the Modern English diphthong in General American and Received Pronunciation. Because the diphthong developed from a Middle English long vowel, it is called "long" in traditional English grammar.

The letter is the fifth most common letter in the English language.

The English first-person singular nominative pronoun is "I", pronounced and always written with a capital letter. This pattern arose for basically the same reason that lowercase acquired a dot: so it wouldn't get lost in manuscripts before the age of printing:

Chambers notes, however, that the capitalized form didn't become established in the south of England until the 1700s (although it appears sporadically before that time).

Capitalizing the pronoun, Chambers explains, made it more distinct, thus "avoiding misreading handwritten manuscripts."}}

Other languages

In many languages' orthographies, is used to represent the sound or, more rarely, .

Other systems

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, represents the close front unrounded vowel. The small caps represents the near-close near-front unrounded vowel.

Other uses

Main article: I (disambiguation)

• The Roman numeral I represents the number 1.
• In mathematics, a lowercase "" is used to represent the unit imaginary number, while an uppercase "" serves to denote an identity matrix.
• In some countries, a sign bearing the letter or ** indicates an information point, sometimes specifically for a visitor center.

Related characters

Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet

• I with diacritics: Ị ị Ĭ ĭ Î î Ǐ ǐ Ɨ ɨ Ï ï Ḯ ḯ Í í Ì ì Ȉ ȉ Į į Į́ Į̃ Ī ī Ī̀ ī̀ ᶖ Ỉ ỉ Ȋ ȋ Ĩ ĩ Ḭ ḭ ᶤ
• İ i and I ı : Latin letters dotted and dotless I
• IPA-specific symbols related to I:

The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet uses various forms of the letter I:

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

• 𐤉 : Semitic letter Yodh, from which the following symbols originally derive:
  • Ι ι: Greek letter Iota, from which the following letters derive:
    • : Coptic letter Yota
    • І і : Cyrillic letter soft-dotted I
    • 𐌉 : Old Italic I, which is the ancestor of modern Latin I
      • : Runic letter isaz, which probably derives from old Italic I
    • : Gothic letter iiz

Other representations

Unicode

The positions 0x49 and 0x69 were used by ASCII and inherited by Unicode. EBCDIC used 0xC9 and 0x89 for I and i.

Other

References

References

1. Brown & Kiddle (1870) ''The institutes of English grammar'', p. 19.
   ''Ies'' is the plural of the English name of the letter; the plural of the letter itself is rendered I's, ''I''s, i's, or ''i''s.
2. "i". Merriam-Webster, Incorporated.
3. Calvert, J. B.. (8 August 1999). "The Latin Alphabet". University of Denver.
4. "Frequency Table". Cornell University.
5. (2011-08-10). "Is capitalizing "I" an ego thing?".
6. Gordon, Arthur E.. (1983). "Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy". [[University of California Press]].
7. King, David A.. (2001). "The Ciphers of the Monks". Franz Steiner Verlag.
8. Svetunkov, Sergey. (2012-12-14). "Complex-Valued Modeling in Economics and Finance". [[Springer Science & Business Media]].
9. (2018). "Introduction to Applied Linear Algebra: Vectors, Matrices, and Least Squares". Cambridge University Press.
10. Constable, Peter. (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS".
11. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS".
12. Miller, Kirk. (2020-07-11). "L2/20-125R: Unicode request for expected IPA retroflex letters and similar letters with hooks".
13. Anderson, Deborah. (2020-12-07). "L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R "Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters" and IPA etc. code point and name changes".
14. Cruz, Frank da. (2000-03-31). "L2/00-159: Supplemental Terminal Graphics for Unicode".
15. Suignard, Michel. (2017-05-09). "L2/17-076R2: Revised proposal for the encoding of an Egyptological YOD and Ugaritic characters".