Hypolimnas anomala

Subspecies

Subspecies include:

• Hypolimnas anomala anomala (southern Thailand, Peninsular Malaya, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Palawan, Philippines, Bali, Lombok, Enggano, Bawean)
• Hypolimnas anomala arnoldi Fruhstorfer, 1903 (Kangean, Sumbawa, Flores)
• Hypolimnas anomala discandra Weymer, 1885 (Nias)
• Hypolimnas anomala euvaristos Fruhstorfer, 1912 (Philippines: Mindanao)
• Hypolimnas anomala interstincta (Butler, 1873) (Borneo)
• Hypolimnas anomala stellata (Fruhstorfer, 1912) (Sulawesi, Buton, Kabaena, Bangai, Sula)
• Hypolimnas anomala sumbawana Pagenstecher, 1898 (Sumbawa)
• Hypolimnas anomala truentus Fruhstorfer, 1912 (Philippines: Luzon and possibly Babuyanes)
• Hypolimnas anomala wallaceana (Butler, 1873) (Sulawesi)

Distribution and habitat

This species is present as various subspecies in Southeast Asia (Moluccas, New Guinea, Australia). It especially occurs in lowlands and tropical rainforests, wastelands, hill parks and natural reserves.

Description

Hypolimnas anomala can reach a wingspan of 65 -. These butterflies have brown forewings with a purple sheen. They show variable white markings. Usually there are a double row of white marginal spots and three pale streaks on each forewing. The hindwings are rather paler, with dark brown veins. The undersides of both wings are similar to the uppersides. In the adult butterflies only four legs are present. These butterflies mimic Euploea species.

Biology

Females lay gold-colored globular eggs in a large cluster on the underside of the leaves. They hatch after about 3–4 days. The 6th (and final) instar caterpillars are black with yellow spots and spines. Also, the head is yellow. with long black cephalic horns. They are gregarious and usually occur in large numbers.

They feed on leaves of Urticaceae (Pipturus argenteus, Pipturus arboresceus, Pouzolzia, Villebrunea species ) and Euphorbiaceae (Claoxylon).

Bibliography

• Corbet AS, Pendlebury HM, and Eliot JN. 1992. The butterflies of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur.
• Parsons M. 1999. The butterflies of Papua New Guinea: their systematics and biology. Academic Press, San Diego.
• Michael F. Braby, Butterflies of Australia, CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne 2000, vol. 2, pp. 566–567.

Gallery

File:Hypolimnas anomala guarding eggs on Pipturus argenteus leaves. Tanguisson, Guam.jpg|Guarding eggs on host plant, Pipturus argenteus. Tanguisson, Guam File:Hypolimnas anomala caterpillars foraging on Pipturus argenteus leaves. Tanguisson, Guam.jpg|Caterpillars foraging host plant, Pipturus argentues. Tanguisson, Guam File:Hypolimnas anomala caterpillar foraging on Pipturus argenteus leaf. Tanguisson, Guam.jpg|Caterpillar foraging on Pipturus argenteus leaf. Tanguisson, Guam File:Hypolimnas anomala 248053882.jpg|Chrysalis File:Hypolimnas anomala 135721174.jpg|Dorsal view with blue wings File:Hypolimnas anomala on Pipturus argenteus leaf. Tanguisson, Guam.jpg|Dorsal view with blue wings. Tanguisson, Guam

References

References

1. [http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/nymphalidae/nymphalinae/hypolimnas/ "''Hypolimnas'' Hübner, [1819]"] at Markku Savela's ''Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms''
2. "Catalogue of Life - 2020-01-10 Beta : Search for scientific names".
3. Khew Sin Khoon. A field guide to the Butterflies of Singapore
4. "Hypolimnas anomala".
5. Michael Braby [https://books.google.com/books?id=iwzbCwAAQBAJ&dq=Hypolimnas+anomala+wingspan&pg=PA198 The Complete Field Guide to Butterflies of Australia]
6. (March 6, 2011). "Butterflies of Singapore: Life History of the Malayan Eggfly".
7. Michael F Braby [https://books.google.com/books?id=mHhKJjj6FscC&dq=Hypolimnas+anomala+wingspan&pg=PT1131 Butterflies of Australia: Their Identification, Biology and Distribution]