Hygromycin B

History

Hygromycin B was originally developed in the 1950s for use with animals and is still added into swine and chicken feed as an anthelmintic or anti-worming agent (product name: Hygromix). Hygromycin B is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus, a bacterium isolated in 1953 from a soil sample. Resistance genes were discovered in the early 1980s.

Mechanism of action

Hygromycin B, along with aminoglycosides, inhibits protein synthesis by strengthening the interaction of tRNA binding in the ribosomal A-site. Hygromycin B also prevents mRNA and tRNA translocation by an unknown mechanism.

Use in research

In the laboratory it is used for the selection and maintenance of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that contain the hygromycin resistance gene. The resistance gene is a kinase that inactivates hygromycin B through phosphorylation. Since the discovery of hygromycin-resistance genes, hygromycin B has become a standard selection antibiotic in gene transfer experiments in many prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Based on impurity monitor method, four different kinds of impurities are discovered in commercial hygromycin B from different suppliers and toxicities of different impurities to the cell lines are described in the following external links.

Fungus Coniothyrium minitans was transformed with the hygromycin B resistance gene to improve the infection rates of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, a fungal parasite of many crops.

Use in plant research

Hygromycin resistance gene is frequently used as a selectable marker in research on plants. In rice Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system, hygromycin is used at about 30–75 mg L−1, with an average of 50 mg L−1. The use of hygromycin at 50 mg L−1 demonstrated highly toxic to non-transformed calli. Thus, it can be efficiently used to select transformants.

References

References

1. (December 1953). "Hygromycin. I. Preliminary studies on the production and biologic activity of a new antibiotic". Antibiotics & Chemotherapy.
2. (November 1983). "Plasmid-encoded hygromycin B resistance: the sequence of hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene and its expression in ''Escherichia coli'' and ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae''". Gene.
3. (October 1983). "Analysis of a bacterial hygromycin B resistance gene by transcriptional and translational fusions and by DNA sequencing". Nucleic Acids Research.
4. "Hygromycin B".
5. (November 1983). "Genetic and enzymatic basis of hygromycin B resistance in ''Escherichia coli''". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.
6. (2009). "Analytical Strategies for Monitoring Residual Impurities Best methods to monitor product-related impurities throughout the production process.". BioPharm International.
7. (March 2003). "Use of ''Coniothyrium minitans'' transformed with the hygromycin B resistance gene to study survival and infection of ''Sclerotinia sclerotiorum'' sclerotia in soil". Mycological Research.
8. (2014). "Effects of Some Organic Nitrogen Sources and Antibiotics on Callus Growth of Indica Rice Cultivars". Journal of Plant Nutrition.