He (letter)

Origins

In Proto-Northwest Semitic there were still three voiceless fricatives: uvular sem , glottal sem , and pharyngeal sem . In the Wadi el-Hol script, these appear to be expressed by derivatives of the following Egyptian hieroglyphs V28sem "thread", A28 sem "jubilation", compare South Arabian [[File:himjar ha.PNG|class=skin-invert-image|20px]] sem, [[File:himjar ha2.PNG|class=skin-invert-image|20px]] sem, [[File:himjar kha.PNG|class=skin-invert-image|20px]] sem, Ge'ez ሀ, ሐ, ኀ, and O6 sem "court". In the Phoenician alphabet, sem and sem are merged into Heth "fence", while sem is replaced by He "window".

Arabic hāʾ

ar is used as a suffix (with the harakat dictated by ar) indicating possession, indicating that the noun marked with the suffix belongs to a specific masculine possessor; for example, كِتَاب ar ("book") becomes كِتَابُهُ ar ('his book') with the addition of final ar; the possessor is implied in the suffix. A longer example, هُوَ يَقْرَأُ كِتَابَهُ, (huwa yaqraʼu kitābahu, "he reads his book") more clearly indicates the possessor. Hāʾ is also used as the Arabic abbreviation for dates following the Islamic era AH. The medial form of hāʾ resembles either the number 8 or the wings of a butterfly. The letter hāʾ, especially its isolated form is informally written as the initial form of the letter itself.

The ar suffix appended to a verb represents a masculine object (e.g. يَقْرَأُهُ, ar, 'he reads it').

The feminine form of this construction is in both cases ـهَا ar.

Variants

In Nastaʿlīq the letter has a variant, gol he, with its own particular shapes. As Urdu and other languages of Pakistan are usually written in Nastaʿlīq, they normally employ this variant, which is given an independent code point (U+06C1) for compatibility:

For aspiration and breathy voice Urdu and other languages of Pakistan use the medial (in Nastaliq script) or initial (in Naskh script) form of hāʾ, called in Urdu do cashmī he ('two-eyed he'):

Several Turkic languages of Central Asia like Uyghur as well as Kurdish also use this letter for fricative //.

Arabic ae

Many Turkic languages of Central Asia like Uyghur as well as Kurdish use the modification of the letter for front vowels // or //. This has its own code point (U+06D5). To distinguish it from Arabic hāʾ /h/ the letter lacks its initial and medial forms: By contrast, the letter used for /h/, appearing in loanwords, uses only the initial and medial forms of the Arabic hāʾ, even in isolated and final positions. In Unicode, is used for this purpose.

Example words in Uyghur include شاھ (ug), a loanword from Persian, and سۈلھ (ug), a loanword from Arabic.

Hebrew he

Hebrew spelling:

Pronunciation

In modern Hebrew, the letter represents a voiceless glottal fricative , and may also be dropped, although this pronunciation is seen as substandard.

Also, in many variant Hebrew pronunciations the letter may represent a glottal stop. In word-final position, Hei is often used to indicate an a-vowel, usually that of qamatz ( ), and in this sense functions like Aleph, Vav, and Yud as a mater lectionis, indicating the presence of a long vowel. However, it may also be used to indicate the sounds /e/ or /o/, as in (/ose/, 'makes') or (/po/, 'here').

Hei, along with Aleph, Ayin, Reish, and Khet, cannot receive a dagesh. Nonetheless, it does receive a marking identical to the dagesh, to form Hei-mappiq (). Although indistinguishable for most modern speakers or readers of Hebrew, the mapiq is placed in a word-final Hei to indicate that the letter is not merely a mater lectionis but the consonant should be aspirated in that position. It is generally used in Hebrew to indicate the third-person feminine singular genitive marker. Today, such a pronunciation only occurs in religious contexts and even then often only by careful readers of the scriptures.

Significance of He

In gematria, He symbolizes the number five, and when used at the beginning of Hebrew years, it means 5000 (e.g. התשנ״ד in numbers would be the date 5754).

Attached to words, He may have three possible meanings:

• A preposition meaning the definite article "the", or the relative pronouns 'that', or 'who' (as in 'a boy who reads'). For example, yeled, 'a boy'; hayeled, 'the boy'.
• A prefix indicating that the sentence is a question. (For example, yadata, 'You knew'; Hayadata?, 'Did you know?')
• A suffix after place names indicating movement towards the given noun. (For example, Yerushalayim, 'Jerusalem'; Yerushalaymah, 'towards Jerusalem'.)

In modern Hebrew the frequency of the usage of hei, out of all the letters, is 8.18%.

He, representing five in gematria, is often found on amulets, symbolizing the five fingers of a hand, a very common talismanic symbol.

In Judaism

He is often used to represent the name of God as an abbreviation for Hashem, which means The Name and is a way of saying God without actually saying the name of God (YHWH). In print, Hashem is usually written as Hei with a geresh: .

Syriac heh

In the Syriac alphabet, the fifth letter is ܗ — Heh (ܗܹܐ). It is pronounced as an [h]. At the end of a word with a point above it, it represents the third-person feminine singular suffix. Without the point, it stands for the masculine equivalent. Standing alone with a horizontal line above it, it is the abbreviation for either hānoh (ܗܵܢܘܿ), meaning 'this is' or 'that is', or halelûya (ܗܵܠܹܠܘܼܝܵܐ). As a numeral, He represents the number five.

Character encodings

|05D4|name1=Hebrew Letter He |0647|name2=Arabic Letter Heh |06BE|name3=Arabic Letter Heh Dochasmee |06C1|name4=Arabic Letter Heh Goal |06D5|name5=Arabic Letter Ae |0717|name6=Syriac Letter He |0804|name7=Samaritan Letter Iy |0844|name8=Mandaic Letter Ah |1200|name9=Ethiopic Syllable Ha |10385|name1=Ugaritic Letter Ho |10844|name2=Imperial Aramaic Letter He |10864|name3=Palmyrene Letter He |10887|name4=Nabataean Letter He |108E4|name5=Hatran Letter He |10904|name6=Phoenician Letter He |10A60|name7=Old South Arabian Letter He |10A80|name8=Old North Arabian Letter Heh |10FE4|name9=Elymaic Letter He |10AC6|name1=Manichaean Letter He |10B44|name2=Inscriptional Parthian Letter He |10B64|name3=Inscriptional Pahlavi Letter He |10B84|name4=Psalter Pahlavi Letter He |10F05|name5=Old Sogdian Letter He |10F33|name6=Sogdian Letter He |10FB5|name7=Chorasmian Letter He

References

References

1. (2002). "Syllabic and Alphabetic Script, or the Egyptian Origin of the Alphabet". Aegyptus.
2. (2005). "Two Early Alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi el-Ḥôl: New Evidence for the Origin of the Alphabet from the Western Desert of Egypt". The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research.