Halazone

Uses

Halazone tablets have been used to disinfect water for drinking, especially where treated tap water is not available. A typical dosage is 4 mg/L.

Halazone tablets were commonly used during World War II by U.S. soldiers for portable water purification, even being included in accessory packs for C-rations until 1945.

Halazone was widely used by Marine infantry units during the Vietnam War. Halazone has largely been replaced in that use by sodium dichloroisocyanurate. The primary limitation of halazone tablets was the very short usable life of opened bottles, typically three days or less, unlike iodine-based tablets which have a usable open bottle life of three months.

Dilute halazone solutions (4 to 8 ppm of available chlorine) has also been used to disinfect contact lenses, and as a spermicide.

Mechanism of action

Halazone's disinfecting activity is mainly due to the hypochlorous acid () released by hydrolysis of the chlorine-nitrogen bonds when the product is dissolved in water: : + → + The hypochlorous acid is a powerful oxidizer and chlorinating agent that destroys or denatures many organic compounds.

Production

Halazone can be prepared by chlorination of p-sulfonamidobenzoic acid.

Another synthesis route is the oxidation of dichloramine-T with potassium permanganate in a mild alkaline medium.

References

References

1. PubChem: "[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/halazone Halazone]". Accessed on 2018-06-18.
2. NTP (1992), cited by [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/halazone PubChem]
3. Jean-Claude Bradley: ''[https://figshare.com/articles/Jean_Claude_Bradley_Open_Melting_Point_Datset/1031637 Open Melting Point Dataset]''. Quoted by [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.3431.html Chemspider].
4. Gripo Laboratories: "[http://www.gripolabs.com/chlorine_tablets.html Water purification range: Halazone USP based Chlorine Tablets] {{Webarchive. link. (2020-06-27 ". Product page, accessed on 2018-06-18)
5. Precise Health Care PVT LTD: "[http://www.preciseformulation.com/water-purification-tablet-halazone-usp.html Halazone tablets] {{Webarchive. link. (2021-09-01 ". Product page, accessed on 2018-06-18)
6. (2003). "The oncogenic RAS2val19 mutation locks respiration, independently of PKA, in a mode prone to generate ROS". The EMBO Journal.
7. (1992). "Antimicrobial activity of organic chlorine releasing compounds". Journal of the British Contact Lens Association.
8. (1986). "An improved procedure for the synthesis ofp-(dichlorosulfamoyl)benzoic acid (Halazone)". Monatshefte für Chemie.