Hailuoto

History

The permanent settlement of Hailuoto apparently began in the 12th century. Residents came from many directions, especially from Karelia. The Swedes, who competed for its fishing waters, gave the island the name Karelö (which was transformed into Karlö), which means freely translated "Karelian Island". The first permanent residents of Hailuoto were mostly from Western Finland, but some also came from Eastern Finland. In 1548, there were 43 houses on the island, and by 1570 the number of houses had grown to 60. Queen Christina of Sweden donated the entire island of Hailuoto in 1652 to Colonel Berndt Taube, from whose heirs it was returned to the crown in 1675.

Hailuoto first belonged to the high parish of Saloinen (nowadays part of Raahe), from which it separated into an independent parish in 1587. The church, built in 1610–1620, was for a long time the oldest wooden church in use in Finland until it burned down in 1968. The current church was completed in 1972.

During the Great Famine of 1695–1697, 88 inhabitants of Hailuoto died. During the Great Northern War (1713–1721), 200 Cossacks of the Tsardom of Russia killed about 800 people in Hailuoto with axes on 29 September 1714, on so called "Murder Friday" (Murhaperjantai). Many of the victims had sought protection on the island, as Hailuoto had a population of less than 300 at that time. The bloodshed done overnight was the greatest of the Great Northern War. According to tradition, the bells of Hailuoto Church were drowned in Lake Kirkonjärvi during the Great Northern War, where they were never found again.

Geography and nature

Hailuoto is the largest island in the Gulf of Bothnia, consisting of four parts, Luoto, Santonen, Hanhinen and Syökari. They were still separated a couple of centuries ago until they joined together as a result of crustal rebound. The young surface forms of the island are shaped throughout by sea waves, currents, ice thrust and wind.

The soil consists of sandy materials, which are partly derived from clay sandstone, which is called The formation of Muhos extends to Hailuoto. A 15-kilometer-long grayling ridge runs through the island from Hyypänmäki to Marjaniemi in a north-east-southwest direction. In the eastern parts of Hyypänmäki, the meltwater of the glacier has broken up the sand into a plateau almost two kilometers wide. In the central parts, Harju runs only a few ten-meter-wide high ridges, but spreads west from Isomäki again. The quarry Marjaniemi tip is a wear residue of the heart of the ridge. The highest point is Hyypänmäki which is about 31 meters above sea level. There are also rocks in the Hyypänmäki area, which are later covered with dry quicksand. The rocks show that the waves washed the shores of the islands, but the cliff ramparts also show that the drift ice pushed violently against the shores. Aerial sand dikes and shore dikes are a special feature that characterizes the surface forms of Hailuoto, especially on the north and west coasts.

The most diverse part of Hailuoto's vegetation is spread on the shores, especially in the coastal meadows of sheltered coves. In forest nature, dry pine barrens are well represented. Extensive lichen fabrics are particularly characteristic. Hailuoto, a bird research site, has a long tradition. Waterfowl are most abundant in meadows, extensive shallows, reefs and lush bays. The highlight of the fall is the migration of swans, which culminates in one and a half thousand birds resting on the shores.

In November 2019, a rare phenomenon was observed on the shores of Marjaniemi in Hailuoto, when thousands of "egg-shaped" sea ice had accumulated on the shore. BBC Weather expert George Goodfellow explained the reason for the phenomenon: "The general picture is that they form from pieces of larger ice sheet which then get jostled around by waves, making them rounder. They can grow when sea water freezes on to their surfaces and this also helps to make them smoother. So the result is a ball of smooth ice which can then get deposited on to a beach, either blown there or getting left there when the tide goes out."

Islands

• Hailuoto (main island)
• Hoikanriisi
• Isomatala
• Kengänkari
• Mustakivi
• Santosenkari
• Pikku-Hoikka
• Ulkoriisi
• Ulkolaidanmatala
• Väliteonkarit

Villages

• Järventakusta
• Hailuoto
• Koivukylä
• Marjaniemi
• Ojakylä
• Pöllä
• Ulkokarvo
• Vaski

Climate

Hailuoto has a subarctic climate (Dfc). The climate is slightly milder than Oulu's due to influence from the Bothnian Bay. | Jan record high C = 6.5 | Feb record high C = 6.0 | Mar record high C = 11.3 | Apr record high C = 19.4 | May record high C = 28.5 | Jun record high C = 30.7 | Jul record high C = 32.8 | Aug record high C = 30.9 | Sep record high C = 24.1 | Oct record high C = 16.5 | Nov record high C = 11.0 | Dec record high C = 6.8 | year record high C = 32.8 | Jan record low C = -37.3 | Feb record low C = -40.8 | Mar record low C = -31.1 | Apr record low C = -23.0 | May record low C = -10.5 | Jun record low C = -3.3 | Jul record low C = 0.8 | Aug record low C = -2.6 | Sep record low C = -7.8 | Oct record low C = -19.6 | Nov record low C = -31.3 | Dec record low C = -36.8 | year record low C = -40.8 | access-date = 31 May 2025}} | Jan avg record low C = -26.2 | Feb avg record low C = -26.1 | Mar avg record low C = -21.3 | Dec avg record low C = -21.2 | Apr avg record low C = -12.0 | May avg record low C = -4.1 | Jun avg record low C = 0.3 | Jul avg record low C = 4.4 | Aug avg record low C = 1.6 | Sep avg record low C = -2.8 | Oct avg record low C = -8.8 | Nov avg record low C = -14.1 | year avg record low C = -28.8 | Jan avg record high C = 2.9 | Feb avg record high C = 3.0 | Dec avg record high C = 4.3 | Mar avg record high C = 5.6 | Apr avg record high C = 13.1 | May avg record high C = 21.4 | Jun avg record high C = 24.7 | Jul avg record high C = 26.3 | Aug avg record high C = 24.9 | Sep avg record high C = 19.1 | Oct avg record high C = 12.0 | Nov avg record high C = 7.1 | year avg record high C = 27.4

Services

In the center village of Hailuoto there is a comprehensive school, two grocery stores (K-Market and Sale), a bank (Osuuspankki), a barber shop and a filling station (SEO).

The Arctic Light House Hotel for tourists is located right next to the Marjaniemi Lighthouse.

Religion

According to the 2018 regional division, the only parishes in the municipality are the Hailuoto Parish of the Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Church and the Oulu Orthodox Parish of the Finnish Orthodox Church. Of the revival movements within the church, Conservative Laestadianism operates in the locality, which has the Hailuoto Peace Association (Hailuodon Rauhanyhdistys).

Culture

The entire island of Hailuoto is classified as one of Finland's nationally significant built cultural environments. The unique landscape and natural conditions have made Hailuoto, the largest island in the Bay of Bothnia, one of Finland's national landscapes.

Festival

Since 2011, highly acclaimed Finnish indie music festival has been organized in Marjaniemi.

Food

In the 1980s, fish potatoes made from European whitefish were named traditional food of the Hailuoto parish.

Transportation

A ferry operates regularly between Hailuoto and Oulu's suburb of Oulunsalo. In winter an official ice road, approximately 10 km long, connects the island to the mainland. The main road on the island is the regional road 816, which continue to the mainland towards the Kempele municipality via a ferry connection. Hailuoto also has a small airfield, Hailuoto Airfield, about 6 km south of central village.

A 8.4 km fixed link to connect Hailuoto to the mainland, consisting of a causeway with two 750 m bridges, was approved in 2015. The project was briefly halted due to environmental litigation, which was eventually denied in 2023.

Actual construction work began in 2024, with an estimated opening of the causeway predicted by 2026.

Notable people

• Henry Askeli (1886–1962), Finnish American journalist and labor activist
• Yrjö Karilas (1891–1982), writer

References

References

1. "Bird Wetlands of Hailuoto Island".
2. (15 June 1987). "Suomen merialueiden sata suurinta saarta".
3. Facta 2001, WSOY, 1984 (in Finnish)
4. (1982). "Suomen kunnallisvaakunat". Suomen Kunnallisliitto.
5. (March 2022). "Sisäasiainministeriön vahvistamat kaupunkien, kauppaloiden ja kuntien vaakunat 1949-1995 I:8 Hailuoto". Kansallisarkiston digitaaliarkisto.
6. Hannu Tarmio, Pentti Papunen & Kalevi Korpela: ''Suomenmaa 1: maantieteellis-yhteiskunnallinen tieto- ja hakuteos'', p. 217–220. Porvoo-Helsinki: WSOY, 1967. (in Finnish)
7. [https://www.luontoon.fi/hailuoto/historia Hailuodon historia – Luontoon] (in Finnish)
8. [https://kansallisbiografia.fi/paimenmuisto/seurakunta/5007 Paimenmuisto: Hailuoto (Carlö, Karlö) – Kansallisbiografia] (in Finnish)
9. Kalevi Rikkinen. (1986). "Finlandia, Otavan iso maammekirja 8". Otava.
10. "Hailuodon seurakunta Hiski-tietokannassa".
11. Vilkuna, Kustaa H. J.. (2005). "Viha. Perikato, katkeruus ja kertomus isostavihasta.". [[Finnish Literature Society]].
12. (30 August 2021). "Hailuodon murhaperjantai oli poikkeuksellinen verilöyly – vanhat tarinat isostavihasta elävät vielä 300 vuotta rauhan jälkeenkin". [[Yle]].
13. Kaitasuo, Pia. (15 August 2015). "Pietari Suuren synkkä tuhon kylvö". Kaleva Oy.
14. Hintsala, Juha. (4 November 2019). "Jäiset "kananmunat" hämmästyttivät sunnuntaikävelijöitä Hailuodossa – harvinainen luonnonilmiö vaatii juuri oikeat olosuhteet syntyäkseen". [[YLE]].
15. Murray, Jessica. (7 November 2019). "Thousands of rare 'ice eggs' found on beach in Finland". [[The Guardian]].
16. (7 November 2019). "'Ice eggs' cover Finland beach in rare weather event". [[BBC]].
17. "FMI normals 1991-2020". fmi.fi.
18. "Comprehensive school – Hailuoto Website".
19. "Stores and other services – Hsiluoto Website".
20. "Hotel accommodation – Hailuoto Website".
21. [https://evl.fi/yhteystiedot Yhteystiedot – Suomen evankelis-luterilainen kirkko] {{Webarchive. link. (23 August 2018 (in Finnish))
22. [https://ort.fi/seurakunnat-hiippakunnat-ja-luostarit/seurakunnat/oulun-ortodoksinen-seurakunta Oulun ortodoksinen seurakunta] {{Webarchive. link. (5 November 2018 (in Finnish))
23. [http://www.rauhanyhdistys.fi/hailuodon-rauhanyhdistys/ Hailuodon Rauhanyhdistys] {{Webarchive. link. (23 February 2014 (in Finnish))
24. [http://www.rky.fi/read/asp/r_kohde_det.aspx?KOHDE_ID=1394 Hailuoto – Pohjois-Pohjanmaa] (in Finnish). ''[[Finnish Heritage Agency]]''. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
25. [https://www.hs.fi/kulttuuri/art-2000008124586.html Kymmenvuotias Bättre folk -festivaali kasvoi keskellä korona-aikaa – Kotimaan poptähdet ylistävät omaleimaista tapahtumaa maagiseksi ja merelliseksi paratiisiksi], [[Helsingin Sanomat]], 18 July 2021
26. Jaakko Kolmonen. (1988). "Kotomaamme ruoka-aitta: Suomen, Karjalan ja Petsamon pitäjäruoat". Patakolmonen.
27. (11 February 2021). "Jäätie Perämeren suurimpaan saareen on taas auki – katso miltä noin 10 kilometrin jääreitti Hailuotoon näyttää ilmasta käsin". Yle.
28. (18 November 2010). "Hailuoto, Finland – EFHL". Finavia.
29. "Hailuoto Causeway".
30. (26 May 2022). "Liikenne | Suomen pisimmän siltayhteyden pitäisi olla jo valmis, mutta mitään ei ole tapahtunut – Hanketta vastustaneet luontoihmiset puhuvat loanheitosta ja "uhkaavan oloisesta" kirjoittelusta".
31. "Hailuoto FAQ - Hailuoto FAQ".