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Group Areas Act

South African laws codifying racial segregation

Field	Value
short_title	Group Areas Act, 1950
image	Coat of arms of South Africa (1932–2000).svg
imagesize	200px
imagealt	258 x
long_title	Act to provide for the establishment of group areas, for the control of the acquisition of immovable property and the occupation of land and premises, and for matters incidental thereto.
citation	Act No. 41 of 1950
enacted_by	Parliament of South Africa
passed	2785x
date_commenced	30 March 1951 (Cape, Transvaal, Natal)
31 October 1952 (O.F.S.)
date_repealed	1 November 1957
administered_by	Minister of the Interior
bill	250009665
repealed_by	Group Areas Act, 1991
status	repealed

31 October 1952 (O.F.S.)

Group Areas Act was the title of three acts of the Parliament of South Africa enacted under the apartheid government of South Africa. The acts assigned racial groups to different residential and business sections in urban areas in a system of urban apartheid. An effect of the law was to exclude people of colour from living in the most developed areas, which were restricted to Whites (e.g. Sea Point, Claremont). It required many people of colour to commute large distances from their homes to be able to work. The law led to people of colour being forcibly removed from living in the "wrong areas" where they were settled in their family, extended family cultural and / or religious groups. Despite numbering in the majority at the time, people of colour were forced into smaller lands (e.g., Tongaat, Grassy Park) to live in, than compared to the white minority. Pass Laws required people of colour to carry pass books and later "reference books", similar to passports, to enter the "white" parts of the country.

The first Group Areas Act, the Population Registration Act, 1950 was promulgated on 7 July 1950, and it was implemented over a period of several years. It was amended by Parliament in 1952, 1955 (twice), 1956 and 1957. Later in 1957, it was repealed and re-enacted in consolidated form as the Group Areas Act, 1957, which was amended in 1961, 1962, and 1965. In 1966, that version was, in turn, repealed and re-enacted as the Group Areas Act, 1966, which was amended in 1969, 1972, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1982, and 1984. It was repealed, along with many other discriminatory laws, on 30 June 1991 by the Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act, 1991.

Background

After the 1948 general election, D.F. Malan's administration commenced its policy of apartheid that sought to segregate the races in South Africa. The government hoped to achieve this through "separate development" of the races and this entailed passing laws that would ensure a distinction on social, economic, political and, in the case of the Group Areas Act, geographical lines. The Group Areas Act may be regarded as an extension of the Asiatic Land Tenure Act, 1946.

Provisions

The Act empowered the Governor-General to declare certain geographical areas to be for the exclusive occupation of specific racial groups. In particular the statute identified four such racial groups: whites, coloureds, indians, and natives. This authority was exercised on the advice of the Minister of the Interior and the Group Areas Board.

Once an area had been designated for sole occupation by certain racial groups, the proclamation would not become legally effective for at least one year. Once this time had expired, it became a criminal offence to remain in occupation of property in that area with the punishment potentially being a fine and two years' imprisonment.

The Act also applied to businesses with racial designation being applied on the basis of the individuals who held a controlling interest in the company.

Impact

The Act became an effective tool in the separate development of races in South Africa. It also granted the Minister of the Interior a mandate to forcibly remove non-whites from valuable pieces of land so that they could become white settlements.

One of the most famous uses of the Group Areas Act was the destruction of Sophiatown, a suburb of Johannesburg. On 9 February 1955, 2,000 policemen began removing residents to Meadowlands, Soweto and erected a new white-only area called Triomf (Victory).

Nelson Mandela said of the Act in his book, Long Walk to Freedom:

References

Boddy-Evans, Alistar. "Women's Anti-Pass Law Campaigns in South Africa".
"The History of Separate Development in South Africa {{!}} South African History Online".
Davenport, T.R.H.. (1978). "South Africa: A Modern History". CUP.
Loveland, Ian. (1999). "By Due Process of Law: Racial Discrimination & the Right to Vote in South Africa 1855-1960". Hart.
s. 34, Group Areas Act 1950
"Urban Removals - the Destruction of Sophiatown | South African History Online".
"Sophiatown again, 50 years on".
Mandela, Nelson (2004). ''The Long Walk to Freedom''. Little Brown Book.

Info: Wikipedia Source

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