Granitoid

Nomenclature and classification

The terms granite and granitic rock are often used interchangeably for granitoids; however, granite is just one particular type of granitoid.

Granitoids are diverse. No classification system for granitoids can give a complete and unique characterization of the origin, compositional evolution, and geodynamic environment for the genesis of a granitoid. Accordingly, multiple granitoid classification systems have been developed such as those based on: geochemistry, modal composition, emplacement depth, and tectonic regime.

Generalizations

There are several generalizations that apply to the majority of granitoids. Typically, granitoids occur where orogeny thickens continental crust either by subduction yielding a continental arc or by convergence yielding continental collisions. Generally, the evolution to granitoid magmas requires a thermal disturbance to ascent though continental crust. Most granitoids are generated from crustal anatexis, the partial melting of the crust; however the mantle may contribute both heat and material. Granitoids can occur coeval with volcanic rocks that have equivalent chemical composition (granite–rhyolite, syenite–trachyte, granodiorite–dacite etc.) however, these extrusive rocks are often eroded so just the plutonic rocks outcrop. Granitoids can form in all tectonic environments.

There are numerous exceptions to these generalizations. For example, granitoids can form in anorogenic environments, a granitoid source rock can be from the mantle (for example, at intraplate hotspots) and the melting mechanism can be radiogenic crustal heat.

References

References

1. Tomás, R.. (2021-11-01). "Thermal effect of high temperatures on the physical and mechanical properties of a granite used in UNESCO World Heritage sites in north Portugal". Journal of Building Engineering.
2. "USGS: Mineral Resources On-Line Spatial Data: Granitoid".
3. Streckeisen, A.. (1974). "Classification and Nomenclature of Plutonic Rocks: Recommendations of the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Igneous Rocks". Geologische Rundschau.
4. Winter, John D.. (2014). "Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology".
5. Clarke, D. B. (1992) Granitoid Rocks, Chapman  & Hall, London.
6. Pitcher, W. S. 1982. Granite type and tectonic environment. ''In'' Hsu, K. J. (ed.) ''Mountain Building Processes'', 19–40. London: Academic Press.
7. Barbarin, Bernard. (1990). "Granitoids: Main petrogenetic classifications in relation to origin and tectonic setting". Wiley.