Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda

History

Prior to the establishment of the position of governor-general under the Constitution of Antigua and Barbuda, Antigua and Barbuda was administered by the Governor of Antigua, a position first established in 1632. In 1671, the position was replaced by a lieutenant governor with the establishment of the British Leeward Islands. From 1747 until 1816, the Leeward governor directly administered the archipelago. The position of Governor of Antigua was revived in 1816, and in 1833 the Governor of Antigua became the Governor of the Leeward Islands ex officio. The positions were merged in 1872, and in 1936, the position of administrator replaced the role. Upon the establishment of the Associated State of Antigua in 1967, the governorship was revived.

Since the position's establishment, the prime minister has nominated the governor-general shortly after their assumption of office. A notable exception was Louise Lake-Tack, who was appointed three years after Baldwin Spencer assumed the premiership. Lake-Tack was later removed from office by the Gaston Browne administration, after the government requested her removal due to her refusing to work with the administration. Since then, the governor-general has rarely exercised his or her powers without the advice of the government.

Appointment

Any citizen of Antigua and Barbuda may be appointed as governor-general by the monarch. There is no set term for the governor-general, and the governor-general serves at His Majesty's pleasure, meaning the monarch holds the right to dismiss the governor-general at any time. If there is a vacancy in the position, the monarch is the only person who may fill that vacancy. In 2007, there was a vacancy in the position after the term of Sir James Carlisle ended, and in 2014, the government successfully appealed to the monarch that Louise Lake-Tack be removed from office due to her being "uncooperative".

Constitutional role

The governor-general has various responsibilities under the Constitution of Antigua and Barbuda. The governor-general exercises executive authority on behalf of the monarch, whom all executive powers are vested in.

Role in parliament

The governor-general appoints all members of the Senate. Ten appointments require the advice of the prime minister, one additional appointment must be a Barbuda resident on the advice of the prime minister, one requires the advice of the Barbuda Council, four require the advice of the leader of the opposition, and one may be appointed under his or her discretion. The governor-general may also declare a seat vacant with the advice of the person that's advice was required to appoint them, or if the Barbuda resident senator ceases to be a resident of Barbuda.

All bills passed by Parliament must receive royal assent from the governor-general on behalf of the monarch. The governor-general may only refuse to assent if they deem the bill unconstitutional. The governor-general may prorogue Parliament by proclamation. After a consultation with the prime minister, the governor-general may dissolve Parliament. The governor-general may also dissolve Parliament if a vote of no-confidence passes and the prime minister does not resign after seven days or request a dissolution of Parliament. If Parliament is dissolved, the governor-general may prorogue the previous Parliament with the advice of the prime minister in an emergency. The governor-general may choose the date of a general election within three months after a dissolution of Parliament. As soon as possible after a general election, the governor-general must appoint the seventeen senators.

The governor-general chooses the boundaries of parliamentary constituencies by an order. However, at least one these constituencies must be located within Barbuda. The governor-general also appoints various members of the Constituencies Boundaries Commission with the advice of the prime minister and leader of the opposition. The governor-general, through a notice in the Gazette, may also appoint the Supervisor of Elections.

Role in the executive

The governor-general may appoint the prime minister, who must be a member of parliament with the confidence of the majority of members of the House of Representatives, in usual circumstances the leader of the majority party. All other ministers must also be appointed by the governor-general with the prime minister's advice. Ministries may be created by acts of Parliament, or, if delegated, by the governor-general under the prime minister's advice. The governor-general may assign ministers a portfolio. The governor-general may also appoint parliamentary secretaries, attorneys-general, and certain members of the Advisory Committee on the Prerogative of Mercy.

The governor-general may grant pardons, respites, or order less severe punishments to criminals. The governor-general also must appoint the director of public prosecutions under the advice of the Judicial and Legal Services Commission, in addition to various other government commissioners.

List of governors-general

The following is a list of people who have served as governor-general of Antigua and Barbuda since independence in 1981.

Timeline

This is a graphical lifespan timeline of the governors-general of Antigua and Barbuda. They are listed in order of first assuming office.

ImageSize = width:900 height:auto barincrement:21 PlotArea = top:10 bottom:80 right:150 left:20 AlignBars = late

Define $today =

Colors = id:govgen value:rgb(0.67,0.67,0.67) legend:Governor-General

id:gray1 value:gray(0.85) id:gray2 value:gray(0.95)

DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/1981 till:31/12/ TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = gridcolor:gray1 unit:year increment:5 start:1985 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:gray2 unit:year increment:1 start:1981

Legend = columns:1 left:20 top:35 columnwidth:170

BarData = bar:Jacobs bar:Carlisle bar:LTack bar:Williams

PlotData = width:5 align:left fontsize:9 shift:(5,-4) anchor:till

bar:Jacobs from: 01/11/1981 till: 10/06/1993 color:govgen text:"Wilfred Jacobs" bar:Carlisle from: 10/06/1993 till: 30/06/2007 color:govgen text:"James Carlisle" bar:LTack from: 17/07/2007 till: 14/08/2014 color:govgen text:"Louise Lake-Tack" bar:Williams from: 14/08/2014 till: $today color:govgen text:"Rodney Williams"

The following chart lists governors-general by lifespan (living governors-general on the green line), with the years outside of their governor-generalship in beige.

Define $width = 1000 # 8.33 pixels per year ($end - $start) × 8.33 Define $warning = 880 # $width - 120 Define $height = 250 # 4 × 25 + 150 Define $footnote = 600 # $width - 400

DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy

Define $dy = -5 # shift text to button side of bar Define $start = 01/01/1910 # Just before eldest (Jacobs) was born Define $end = 01/01/2030 # Next 5-year multiple after this year Define $now =

ImageSize = width:$width height:$height PlotArea = right:10 left:1 bottom:80 top:60 Period = from:$start till:$end TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal Legend = orientation:vertical columns:1 left:0 top:50 columnwidth:500

Colors = id:bg value:white id:lightline value:rgb(0.8, 0.8, 0.8) id:lighttext value:rgb(0.5, 0.5, 0.5) id:LIFESPAN value:rgb(0.88, 0.90, 0.70) Legend: Lifespan id:GOVGEN value:rgb(0.67, 0.67, 0.67) Legend: Governor-General id:NAME value:rgb(0.15, 0.13, 0.05) id:TODAY value:green

BackgroundColors = canvas:bg ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightline unit:year increment:1 start:$start ScaleMajor = gridcolor:lighttext unit:year increment:10 start:1910

LineData= at:$now color:TODAY width:0.1

PlotData= bar:1 width:18 color:LIFESPAN align:center fontsize:M from:19/10/1919 till:01/11/1981 shift:(-0,$dy) textcolor:NAME text:Wilfred Jacobs color:GOVGEN from:01/11/1981 till:10/06/1993 color:LIFESPAN from:10/06/1993 till:11/03/1995

bar:2 width:18 color:LIFESPAN align:center fontsize:M from:05/08/1937 till:10/06/1993 shift:(-0,$dy) textcolor:NAME text:James Carlisle color:GOVGEN from:10/06/1993 till:30/06/2007 color:LIFESPAN from:30/06/2007 till:$now

bar:3 width:18 color:LIFESPAN align:center fontsize:M from:26/07/1944 till:17/07/2007 shift:(-0,$dy) textcolor:NAME text:Louise Lake-Tack color:GOVGEN from:17/07/2007 till:14/08/2014 color:LIFESPAN from:14/08/2014 till:$now

bar:4 width:18 color:LIFESPAN align:center fontsize:M from:02/11/1947 till:14/08/2014 shift:(-0,$dy) textcolor:NAME text:Rodney Williams color:GOVGEN from:14/08/2014 till:$now

TextData = fontsize:M textcolor:green pos:($warning,30) text:Updated /

TextData = pos:(340,$height) fontsize:L textcolor:black text:"Lifespan of each Antiguan and Barbudan governor-general"

The following chart shows governors-general by their age (living governors-general in green), with the years of their governor-generalship in blue.

ImageSize = width:1000 height:100 PlotArea = width:900 height:70 left:80 bottom:30 AlignBars = justify

Colors = id:pre value:rgb(0.7,0.7,0.7) # grey id:gov value:rgb(0,0,1) # blue id:post value:rgb(0.7,0.7,0.7) # grey id:alive value:rgb(0.5,0.8,0.5) # green

Period = from:0 till:88.5 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = gridcolor:black unit:year increment:10 start:0 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:0

PlotData= align:center width:8 shift:(0,-0)

bar:Jacobs color:pre from:0 till:62.04 bar:Jacobs color:gov from:62.04 till:73.64 bar:Jacobs color:post from:73.64 till:75.39

bar:Carlisle color:alive from:0 till:55.85 bar:Carlisle color:gov from:55.85 till:69.9 bar:Carlisle color:alive from:69.9 till:

bar:Lake-Tack color:alive from:0 till:62.97 bar:Lake-Tack color:gov from:62.97 till:70.05 bar:Lake-Tack color:alive from:70.05 till:

bar:Williams color:alive from:0 till:63.78 bar:Williams color:gov from:63.78 till:

References

References

1. Laws of Antigua and Barbuda. "CHAPTER 195 - THE GOVERNOR AND GOVERNOR-GENERAL'S EMOLUMENTS AND PENSION ACT".
2. (2013). "Worldwide Government Directory with Intergovernmental Organizations". SAGE Publications.
3. "Governor-General".
4. "Antigua and Barbuda Government".
5. Lanaghan. "Antigua and the Antiguans".
6. Lanaghan. "Antigua and the Antiguans".
7. Lanaghan. "Antigua and the Antiguans".
8. "Digital Library of the Caribbean".
9. "Antigua Constitution Order 1967".
10. Maverick.Derrick. (2017-10-30). "Government insists former GG demanding too much money".
11. (1981). "Chapter III, Antigua and Barbuda Constitution Order".
12. Maverick.Derrick. (2017-10-30). "Government insists former GG demanding too much money".
13. (1981). "Antigua and Barbuda Constitution Order".
14. (1981). "The Senate, Antigua and Barbuda Constitution Order".
15. (1981). "The House of Representatives, Antigua and Barbuda Constitution Order".
16. (1981). "Delimitations of Constituencies, Antigua and Barbuda Constitution Order".
17. (1981). "Chapter V, Antigua and Barbuda Constitution Order".
18. (1981). "Chapter V & VI, Antigua and Barbuda Constitution Order".