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Gluten exorphin

Group of opioid peptides

Group of opioid peptides

Gluten exorphins are a group of opioid peptides formed during the digestion of the gluten protein. These peptides work as external regulators for gastrointestinal movement and hormonal release. The breakdown of gliadin, a polymer of wheat proteins, creates amino acids that stop the gluten epitopes from entering the immune system to activate inflammatory reactions. During this process, gluten does not fully break down, thus increasing the presence of gluten exorphins. Because of this, researchers think this is what might lead to various diseases.

Research shows the benefits of gluten- and casein-free diets for people with diseases and disorders connected to gluten exorphins. The mechanism behind this is still unknown. There is a possibility that gluten has deleterious effects on the human digestive system. When people are more susceptible to gluten and casein allergies, the weakened intestinal lining allows gluten exorphin to flow.

Names

Gluten exorphins produced by digestion of gliadin is called gliadorphin.

Known members

  • For a key to the single-letter sequences, see .
  • All peptides sequences are assumed to start with NH2- and end with -COOH, unless otherwise stated.

Gluten exorphin A4

  • Structure: GYYP
  • Part of wheat glutenin sequence.

Gluten exorphin A5

  • Structure: GYYPT
  • Chemical formula: C29H37N5O9
  • Molecular weight: 599.64 g/mol
  • Part of wheat glutenin sequence.

Gluten exorphin B4

  • Structure: YGGW
  • Chemical formula: C24H27N5O6
  • Molecular weight: 481.50 g/mol

Gluten exorphin B5

  • Structure: YGGWL
  • Chemical formula: C30H38N6O7
  • Molecular weight: 594.66 g/mol

Gluten exorphin C/C5

  • Structure: YPISL
  • Chemical formula: C29H45N5O8
  • Molecular weight: 591.70 g/mol

Gliadorphin-7

Main article: Gliadorphin-7

  • Structure: YPQPQPF
  • Part of wheat giladin sequence.

Clinical significance

Recent research surrounding gluten exorphins has revolved around how the peptides might play a role in various diseases and disorders.

Celiac disease

In response to gluten, people with celiac disease will release gluten exorphins as part of the allergic immune response. Due to the weakening of intestinal walls caused by celiac disease, some of these gluten exorphins can make their way through the lining of the intestines and are then absorbed into the bloodstream.

References

References

  1. (June 1983). "Effect of exorphins on gastrointestinal function, hormonal release, and appetite". Gastroenterology.
  2. (November 2015). "The opioid effects of gluten exorphins: asymptomatic celiac disease". Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition.
  3. (October 2014). "Food-derived opioid peptides inhibit cysteine uptake with redox and epigenetic consequences". The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry.
  4. (13 January 1992). "Opioid peptides derived from wheat gluten: their isolation and characterization.". FEBS Letters.
  5. (4 August 1997). "Release of opioid peptides, gluten exorphins by the action of pancreatic elastase.". FEBS Letters.
  6. (October 2016). "Transport of wheat gluten exorphins A5 and C5 through an in vitro model of intestinal epithelium". Food Research International.
  7. (2013). "Gluten- and casein-free dietary intervention for autism spectrum conditions". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.
Info: Wikipedia Source

This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page.

opioid-peptides tetrapeptides pentapeptides
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