Globus pharyngeus

Causes

The "lump in the throat" sensation that characterizes globus pharyngis is often caused by inflammation of one or more parts of the throat, such as the larynx or hypopharynx, due to cricopharyngeal spasm, gastroesophageal reflux (GERD), or laryngopharyngeal reflux. In some cases the cause is unknown and symptoms may be attributed to a psychogenic cause i.e. a somatoform or anxiety disorder. It has been recognised as a symptom of depression, which responds to anti-depressive treatment.

The results of recent studies have strongly suggested that GERD is a major cause of globus, though this remains under considerable debate.

A less common cause, distinguished by a "lump in the throat" accompanied with clicking sensation and no pain when swallowing, may be due to thyroid-cartilage rubbing against anomalous asymmetrical laryngeal anatomy e.g. the superior cornu abrading against the thyroid lamina, surgically trimming the offending thyroid-cartilage provides immediate relief in all cases. However this cause is frequently misdiagnosed, despite requiring a simple clinical examination involving careful palpation of the neck side to side which elicits the same click sensation (laryngeal crepitus) and pain as when swallowing, most cases are due to prior trauma to the neck. High resolution computed tomographic (CT) or MRI scan of the larynx is usually required to fully understand the anomalous laryngeal anatomy. Anterior displacement of the thyroid ala on the affected side while swallowing can help resolve symptoms. Other anomalous laryngeal anatomy with the potential to cause the globus sensation include thyroid nodules or parathyroid adenomas.

Diagnosis

As globus sensation is a symptom, a diagnosis of globus pharyngis is typically a diagnosis of exclusion. If globus sensation is presenting with other symptoms such as pain, swallowing disorders such as aspiration or regurgitation (dysphagia), weight loss, or voice change, an organic cause needs to be investigated, typically with endoscopy. Barium swallows are not recommended as a diagnostic tool, as although they are less invasive than endoscopy and may be reassuring to the patient, they commonly miss sinister causes. It is very rare that globus sensation presenting with no other symptoms has a sinister cause and therefore endoscopy is not recommended in this case.

Differential diagnosis

Differential diagnosis must be made from Eagle syndrome which uses the patient's description of "something caught in my throat" as a diagnostic tool. Eagle syndrome is an elongation of the styloid process causing irritation to nerves and muscles in the region resulting in a number of unusual symptoms.

Management

Reassurance of the patient is recommendable when no cause can be found. If a cause is identified, the treatment is chosen according to what will resolve the underlying problem.

References

References

1. "Globus Sensation".
2. (October 2015). "Globus pharyngeus: an update for general practice". The British Journal of General Practice.
3. (1997). "Globus hystericus – a somatic symptom of depression? The role of electroconvulsive therapy and antidepressants". Psychosomatic Medicine.
4. (August 1998). "Globus hystericus or depressivus?". Hospital Medicine.
5. (May 2012). "Globus pharyngeus: a review of its etiology, diagnosis and treatment". World Journal of Gastroenterology.
6. (July 2006). "Foreign body sensation in the throat due to displacement of the superior cornu of the thyroid cartilage: two cases and a literature review". The Journal of Laryngology and Otology.
7. (2005). "Odynophagia secondary to variant thyroid cartilage anatomy". Dysphagia.
8. (September 2001). "Clicking in the throat: cinematic fiction or surgical fact?". Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery.
9. (2020-12-29). "Sudden Odynophagia and Globus—A Unique Presentation of a Nonsecreting Parathyroid Adenoma: A Case Report and Literature Review". Case Reports in Otolaryngology.
10. (2013). "Management of globus pharyngeus". International Journal of Otolaryngology.
11. (2014). "Pathophysiology and treatment of patients with globus sensation – from the viewpoint of esophageal motility dysfunction". Journal of Smooth Muscle Research = Nihon Heikatsukin Gakkai Kikanshi.