Gimel

Arabic Jīm

The Arabic letter ج is named جيم ar . It has four forms, and is written in several ways depending on its position in the word: The similarity to ar ح is likely a function of the original Syriac forms converging to a single symbol, requiring that one of them be distinguished as a dot; a similar process occurred to ar and ar.

Pronunciation

In all varieties of Arabic, cognate words will have consistent differences in pronunciation of the letter. The standard pronunciation taught outside the Arabic speaking world is an affricate , which was the agreed-upon pronunciation by the end of the nineteenth century to recite the Qur'an, this sound also corresponds to ġ in Maltese as in ġar "neighbor" and Arabic جار jār "neighbor" both pronounced . It is pronounced as a fricative in most of Northern Africa and the Levant, and is the prestigious and most common pronunciation in Egypt, which is also found in Southern Arabian Peninsula. Differences in pronunciation occur because readers of Modern Standard Arabic pronounce words following their native dialects.

Egyptians always use the letter to represent as well as in names and loanwords, such as جولف "golf". However, may be used in Egypt to transcribe ~ (normally pronounced ) or if there is a need to distinguish them completely, then is used to represent , which is also a proposal for Mehri and Soqotri languages.

;The literary national standard pronunciations:

• : In most of the Arabian Peninsula, parts of Algeria (Algiers dialect), Iraq, parts of Egypt, parts of the Levant. This is also the commonly taught pronunciation outside the Arabic speaking countries when Literary Arabic is taught as a foreign language. It is the agreed-upon pronunciation to recite the Qur'an.
• : In the Levant (especially in the urban centers), Southern Iraqi Arabic, most of the Maghreb, and parts of Algeria (Oran dialect), and by some speakers in western Saudi Arabia (Hejaz).
• : In Egypt, coastal Yemen (West and South), southwestern and eastern Oman. The literary regional standard pronunciations
• : In Sudan, parts of Saudi Arabia, and hinterland Yemen.
• : attested among some bedouin dialects in Saudi Arabia.****

;Non-literary pronunciation:

• : In eastern Arabian Peninsula and Iraq but only colloquial speech, for example Kuwaiti Arabic وايد “a lot” vs. Najdi Arabic واجد .

Historical pronunciation

While in most Semitic languages, e.g. Aramaic, Hebrew, Ge'ez, Old South Arabian the equivalent letter represents a , Arabic is considered unique among them where the Jīm was palatalized to an affricate or a fricative in most dialects from classical times. While there is variation in Modern Arabic varieties, most of them reflect this palatalized pronunciation except in coastal Yemeni and Omani dialects as well as in Egypt, where it is pronounced .

It is not well known when palatalization occurred or the probability of it being connected to the pronunciation of Qāf as a , but in most of the Arabian peninsula (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, UAE and parts of Yemen and Oman), the represents a and represents a , except in coastal Yemen and southern Oman where represents a and represents a , which shows a strong correlation between the palatalization of to and the pronunciation of the as a as shown in the table below:

Pronunciation across other languages

Note: In Kazakh is pronounced in some dialects, such as in the south and east. Hausa is pronounced , in the Hausa of Niger, is usually pronounced .

Variant

Main article: Che (Persian letter)

A variant letter named che is used in Persian, with three dots below instead having just one dot below. However, it is not included on one of the 28 letters on the Arabic alphabet. It is thus written as:

Hebrew gimel

Variations

Hebrew spelling: גִּימֶל

Bertrand Russell posits that the letter's form is a conventionalized image of a camel. The letter may be the shape of the walking animal's head, neck, and forelegs. Barry B. Powell, a specialist in the history of writing, states “It is hard to imagine how gimel = ‘camel’ can be derived from the picture of a camel (it may show his hump, or his head and neck!)”. Solomon Gandz suggests instead that it is derived from "weapon" or "battle-axe".

Gimel is one of the six letters which can receive a dagesh qal. The two functions of dagesh are distinguished as either qal (light) or hazaq (strong). The six letters that can receive a dagesh qal are bet, gimel, daled, kaph, pe, and taf. Three of them (bet, kaph, and pe) have their sound value changed in modern Hebrew from the fricative to the plosive by adding a dagesh. The other three represent the same pronunciation in modern Hebrew, but have had alternate pronunciations at other times and places. They are essentially pronounced in the fricative as ג gh غ, dh ذ and th ث. In the Temani pronunciation, gimel represents , , or when with a dagesh, and without a dagesh. In modern Hebrew, the combination **** (gimel followed by a geresh) is used in loanwords and foreign names to denote .

Significance

In gematria, gimel represents the number three.

It is written like a vav with a yud as a "foot", and is traditionally believed to resemble a person in motion; symbolically, a rich man running after a poor man to give him charity. In the Hebrew alphabet gimel directly precedes dalet, which signifies a poor or lowly man, given its similarity to the Hebrew word dal (b. Shabbat, 104a).

Gimel is also one of the seven letters which receive special crowns (called tagin) when written in a Sefer Torah. See shin, ayin, teth, nun, zayin, and tsadi.

The letter gimel is the electoral symbol for the United Torah Judaism party, and the party is often nicknamed Gimmel.

In Modern Hebrew, the frequency of usage of gimel, out of all the letters, is 1.26%.

Syriac gamal/gomal

In the Syriac alphabet, the third letter is ܓ — Gamal in eastern pronunciation, Gomal in western pronunciation (ܓܵܡܵܠ). It is one of six letters that represent two associated sounds (the others are Bet, Dalet, Kaph, Pe and Taw). When Gamal/Gomal has a hard pronunciation (*qûššāyâ *) it represents , like "goat". When Gamal/Gomal has a soft pronunciation (*rûkkāḵâ *) it traditionally represents (ܓ݂ܵܡܵܠ), or Ghamal/Ghomal. The letter, renamed Jamal/Jomal, is written with a tilde/tie either below or within it to represent the borrowed phoneme (ܓ̰ܡܵܠ), which is used in Garshuni and some Neo-Aramaic languages to write loan and foreign words from Arabic or Persian.

Other uses

Mathematics

The serif form \gimel of the Hebrew letter gimel is occasionally used for the gimel function in mathematics.

Character encodings

|05D2|name1=Hebrew Letter Gimel |062C|name2=Arabic Letter Jeem |06AF|name3=Arabic Letter Gaf |0713|name4=Syriac Letter Gamal |0802|name5=Samaritan Letter Gaman |2137|name6=Gimel Symbol

|10382|name1=Ugaritic Letter Gamla |10842|name2=Imperial Aramaic Letter Gimel |10902|name3=Phoenician Letter Gaml

References

References

1. al Nassir, Abdulmunʿim Abdulamir. (1985). "Sibawayh the Phonologist". University of New York.
2. "Arabic Algerian Oranee Dialectal Language Modelling Oriented Topic". International Journal of Informatics and Applied Mathematics.
3. Il-Hazmy, Alayan. (1975). "A critical and comparative study of the spoken dialect of the Harb tribe in Saudi Arabia".
4. Jankowski, H., Tazhibaeva, S., Özçelik, Ö., Abish, A., Aqtay, G., & Smagulova, J. (2023). "Kazakh". In L. Johanson (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Turkic Languages and Linguistics Online''. Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/2667-3029_ETLO_COM_032116.
5. Daniels, Peter. (1996). "Phonologies of Asia and Africa - Hausa Phonology".
6. Russell, Bertrand. (1972). "A history of western philosophy". Touchstone book.
7. Tenen, Stan. "Letter Portrait: Gimel".
8. Powell, Barry B.. (27 March 2009). "Writing: Theory and History of the Technology of Civilization". Wiley Blackwell.
9. Gandz S. (1930). "The Origin of the Gnomon or the Gnomon in Hebrew Literature". Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research.
10. (1991). "The Alef-beit: Jewish Thought Revealed Through the Hebrew Letters". [[Rowman & Littlefield]].
11. (11 March 2015). "Mass Rally for United Torah Judaism - Hamodia.com".
12. (1 April 2019). "Gedolim at Special Conference Call to Strengthen UTJ to Uphold Torah, Shabbos and Religious Character - Hamodia.com".