French-Canadian Americans

French-Canadian population in New England

In the late 19th century, many Francophones arrived in New England from Quebec and New Brunswick to work in textile mill cities in New England. In the same period, Francophones from Quebec soon became a majority of the workers in the saw mill and logging camps in the Adirondack Mountains and their foothills. Others sought opportunities for farming and other trades such as blacksmiths in Upstate New York. By the mid-20th century, French-Canadian Americans comprised 30 percent of Maine's population. Some migrants became lumberjacks but most concentrated in industrialized areas and into enclaves known as Little Canadas in cities like Lewiston, Maine, Holyoke, Massachusetts, and Woonsocket, Rhode Island.

Driven by depleted farmlands, poverty and a lack of local economic opportunitunities, rural inhabitants of these areas sought work in the expanding mill industries. Newspapers in New England carried advertisements touting the desirability of wage labor work in the textile mills. In addition to industry's organized recruitment campaigns, the close kinship network of French-Canadians facilitated transnational communication and the awareness of economic opportunity for their friends and relatives. Individual French-Canadian families who desired dwellings developed French Canadian neighborhoods, called Petit Canadas, and sought out local financing. Most arrived through railroads such as the Grand Trunk Railroad.

French-Canadian women saw New England as a place of opportunity and possibility where they could create economic alternatives for themselves distinct from the expectations of their farm families in Canada. By the early 20th century some saw temporary migration to the United States to work as a rite of passage and a time of self-discovery and self-reliance. Most moved permanently to the United States, using the inexpensive railroad system to visit Quebec from time to time. When these women did marry, they had fewer children with longer intervals between children than their Canadian counterparts. Some women never married, and oral accounts suggest that self-reliance and economic independence were important reasons for choosing work over marriage and motherhood. These women conformed to traditional gender ideals in order to retain their 'Canadienne' cultural identity, but they also redefined these roles in ways that provided them increased independence in their roles as wives and mothers.

The French-Canadians became active in the Catholic Church where they tried with little success to challenge its domination by Irish clerics. They founded such newspapers as 'Le Messager' and 'La Justice.' The first hospital in Lewiston, Maine, became a reality in 1889 when the Sisters of Charity of Montreal, the "Grey Nuns", opened the doors of the Asylum of Our Lady of Lourdes. This hospital was central to the Grey Nuns' mission of providing social services for Lewiston's predominately French-Canadian mill workers. The Grey Nuns struggled to establish their institution despite meager financial resources, language barriers, and opposition from the established medical community. Immigration dwindled with the U.S. immigration restrictions after World War I.

The French-Canadian community in New England tried to preserve some of its cultural norms. This doctrine, like efforts to preserve Francophone culture in Quebec, became known as la Survivance.

Cities

States

French Canadian immigration to New England

American cities founded by or named after French Canadians

• Biloxi, founded by Pierre LeMoyne d'Iberville
• Bourbonnais named after François Bourbonnais
• Davenport, Iowa founded by Antoine LeClaire
• Detroit, Michigan, named by French explorer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac*
• Dubuque, named after Julien Dubuque
• Duluth, Georgia and Duluth, Minnesota, both named after French explorer Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut
• Fremont, California, named after John C. Frémont
• Huron, founded by Jean-Baptiste Flemmond
• Juneau, named after Joe Juneau
• La Barge, Wyoming, named after Joseph Marie La Barge
• Laramie, Wyoming, named after Jacques La Remee
• Milwaukee, founded by Solomon Juneau
• Mobile, founded by Pierre LeMoyne d'Iberville
• New Orleans, founded by Lemoyne de Bienville
• Portage Des Sioux founded by Zenon Trudeau and François Saucier
• Provo, Utah, named for Etienne Provost
• Saint Joseph, founded by Joseph Robidoux
• Saint Louis, founded by Pierre Laclede and Auguste Chouteau
• Saint Paul, first settled by Pierre Parrant
• Vincennes founded by François-Marie Bissot

Notable French Canadian Americans

• John C. Frémont, first Republican nominee for President of the United States, former United States senator from California, former Military Governor of California, former Governor of the Arizona Territory
• Jack Kerouac, American Beat Generation novelist and poet
• John Cena, professional wrestler; has French-Canadian ancestry through his mother
• Ross Perot, business magnate, politician, and philanthropist
• Alex Trebek, former host of Jeopardy!
• Annie Proulx, prolific writer, winner of the PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction for her first novel, Postcards. Her second novel, The Shipping News (1993), won both the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and the U.S. National Book Award for Fiction. Her short story "Brokeback Mountain" was adapted as an Academy Award, BAFTA and Golden Globe Award-winning motion picture released in 2005.
• Madonna, singer; has French-Canadian ancestry through her mother

References

References

1. "Table B04006 - People Reporting Ancestry - 2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". [[United States Census Bureau]].
2. (October 2010). "Languages Used at home". U.S. Census Bureau.
3. l’Actualité économique, Vol. 59, No 3, (september 1983): 423-453 and Yolande LAVOIE, L’Émigration des Québécois aux États-Unis de 1840 à 1930, Québec, Conseil de la langue française, 1979.
4. Harvard encyclopedia of American ethnic groups,Stephan Thernstorm, Harvard College, 1980, p 392
5. Mark Paul Richard, ''From 'Canadien' to American: The Acculturation of French-Canadian Descendants in Lewiston, Maine, 1860 to the Present'', PhD dissertation, Duke U., 2002; ''Dissertation Abstracts International'', 2002 62(10): 3540-A. DA3031009, 583p.
6. (17 November 2015). "The Little Canadas of New England".
7. Hudson, Susan. (2013). "The Quiet Revolutionaries: How the Grey Nuns Changed the Social Welfare, 1870–1930". Routledge.
8. Waldron, Florencemae. (2005). "The Battle Over Female (In)Dependence: Women In New England Québécois Migrant Communities, 1870–1930". Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies.
9. Waldron, Florencemae. (December 2019). "'I've Never Dreamed It Was Necessary To 'Marry!': Women And Work In New England French Canadian Communities, 1870–1930". Journal of American Ethnic History.
10. Richard, Mark Paul. (2002). "The Ethnicity of Clerical Leadership: The Dominicans in Francophone Lewiston, Maine, 1881–1986". Quebec Studies.
11. Hudson, Susan. (2001–2002). "Les Sœurs Grises of Lewiston, Maine 1878–1908: An Ethnic Religious Feminist Expression". Maine History.
12. Stewart, Alice R.. (1987). "The Franco-Americans of Maine: A Historiographical Essay". Maine Historical Society Quarterly.
13. According to the [[U.S. Census Bureau]] of 2000
14. [[Leon E. Truesdell]], ''The Canadian Born in the United States'', New Haven, 1943, p. 77; as given in Yves ROBY, ''Les Franco-Américains de la Nouvelle-Angleterre'', Sillery, Septentrion, 1990, p. 282.
15. Chaffin, pp. 21–22
16. "John Cena | Actor, Producer, Writer".
17. (June 12, 2019). "Alex Trebek: Who Is America's Favorite Game Show Host?".
18. [http://www.pulitzer.org/bycat/Fiction "Fiction"]. ''Past winners & finalists by category''. The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
19. "Madonna's French-Canadian Ancestry".