Free trade agreements of the European Union

Free trade agreements in force

Free trade agreements provisionally applied

Negotiated free trade agreements

Ongoing negotiations as of January 2026:

• EU–Mercosur Partnership Agreement
• India–EU Free Trade Agreement
• EU-United Arab Emirates Free Trade Agreement
• EU-Philippines Free Trade Agreement
• EU-Malaysia Free Trade Agreement
• EU-Thailand Free Trade Agreement

Competence

The European Court of Justice has held that investor-state arbitration provisions (including a dedicated tribunal planned by some free trade agreements) falls under competency shared between European Union and its member states and that for this reason, the ratification of such mixed agreements should be approved by the EU as well as by each of the union's member states. This court decision has resulted in a new architecture of external trade negotiations which will have two components:

• a free trade agreement - related exclusively to trade matters - which can be adopted at the EU level;
• an investment agreement - containing investment, arbitration and other non-trade provisions - which needs to be ratified by the member states as well.

Impact to consumers

One study found that the trade agreements that the EU implemented over the period 1993-2013 have, on average, increased the quality of imported goods by 7% and therefore "lowered quality-adjusted prices by close to 7%," without having much of an impact on the non-adjusted price.

Notes

References

References

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