Foreign relations of Italy

History

Main article: History of Italy

National unification

The Risorgimento was the era from 1829 to 1871 that saw the emergence of a national consciousness. The Northern Italy monarchy of the House of Savoy in the Kingdom of Sardinia, whose government was led by Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, had ambitions of establishing a united Italian state. In the context of the 1848 liberal revolutions that swept through Europe, an unsuccessful first war of independence was declared on Austria. In 1855, the Kingdom of Sardinia became an ally of Britain and France in the Crimean War, giving Cavour's diplomacy legitimacy in the eyes of the great powers. The Kingdom of Sardinia again attacked the Austrian Empire in the Second Italian War of Independence of 1859, with the aid of France, resulting in liberating Lombardy. On the basis of the Plombières Agreement, the Kingdom of Sardinia ceded Savoy and Nice to France, an event that caused the Niçard exodus, that was the emigration of a quarter of the Niçard Italians to Italy, and the Niçard Vespers.

In 1860–1861, Giuseppe Garibaldi led the drive for unification in Naples and Sicily conquering the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (the Expedition of the Thousand), while the House of Savoy troops occupied the central territories of the Italian peninsula, except Rome and part of Papal States. This allowed the Sardinian government to declare a united Italian kingdom on 17 March 1861. In 1866, Italy allied with Prussia during the Austro-Prussian War, waging the Third Italian War of Independence which allowed Italy to annex Venetia.

After the Third Italian War of Independence (1866), when the Veneto and Friuli regions were ceded by the Austrians to the newly formed Kingdom Italy, Istria and Dalmatia remained part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, together with other Italian-speaking areas on the eastern Adriatic. This triggered the gradual rise of Italian irredentism among many Italians in Istria, Kvarner and Dalmatia, who demanded the unification of the Julian March, Kvarner and Dalmatia with Italy. The Italians in Istria, Kvarner and Dalmatia supported the Italian Risorgimento: as a consequence, the Austrians saw the Italians as enemies and favored the Slav communities of Istria, Kvarner and Dalmatia. During the meeting of the Council of Ministers of 12 November 1866, Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria outlined a wide-ranging project aimed at the Germanization or Slavization of the areas of the empire with an Italian presence:

Finally, in 1870, as France abandoned its garrisons in Rome during the disastrous Franco-Prussian War to keep the large Prussian Army at bay, the Italians rushed to fill the power gap by taking over the Papal States. Italian unification was completed and shortly afterwards Italy's capital was moved to Rome. Later Italy formed the Triple Alliance (1882) with Germany and Austria.

World War I

Even after 1870, after the unification of Italy, many ethnic Italian-speakers (Italians in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Savoyard Italians, Corfiot Italians, Niçard Italians, Swiss Italians, Corsican Italians, Maltese Italians, Istrian Italians, and Dalmatian Italians) remained outside the borders of the Kingdom of Italy, planting the seeds of Italian irredentism.

Italy entered into the World War I in 1915 with the aim of completing national unity: for this reason, the Italian intervention in the World War I is also considered the Fourth Italian War of Independence, in a historiographical perspective that identifies in the latter the conclusion of the unification of Italy, whose military actions began during the revolutions of 1848 with the First Italian War of Independence.

Italy defeated the Ottoman Empire in 1911–1912. By 1915, Italy had acquired in Africa a colony on the Red Sea coast (Eritrea), a large protectorate in Somalia and administrative authority in formerly Turkish Libya. Outside of Africa, Italy possessed a small concession in Tientsin in China (following the Boxer Rebellion) and the Dodecanese Islands off the coast of Turkey.

In 1915, Italy abrogated its alliance and declared war on the Austro-Hungarian Empire, leading to bloody conflict mainly on the Isonzo and Piave fronts. Britain, France and Russia had been "keen to bring neutral Italy into World War I on their side. However, Italy drove a hard bargain, demanding extensive territorial concessions once the war had been won". In a deal to bring Italy into the war, under the London Pact, Italy would be allowed to annex not only Italian-speaking Trentino and Trieste, but also German-speaking South Tyrol, Istria (which included large non-Italian communities), and the northern part of Dalmatia including the areas of Zadar (Zara) and Šibenik (Sebenico). Mainly Italian Fiume (present-day Rijeka) was excluded. In November 1918, after the surrender of Austria-Hungary, Italy occupied militarily Trentino Alto-Adige, the Julian March, Istria, the Kvarner Gulf and Dalmatia, all Austro-Hungarian territories. On the Dalmatian coast, Italy established the first Governorate of Dalmatia, which had the provisional aim of ferrying the territory towards full integration into the Kingdom of Italy, progressively importing national legislation in place of the previous one. The administrative capital was Zara. The Governorate of Dalmatia was evacuated following the Italo-Yugoslav agreements which resulted in the Treaty of Rapallo (1920). After the war, the Treaty of Rapallo between the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) and the Kingdom of Italy (12 November 1920), Italy annexed Zadar in Dalmatia and some minor islands, almost all of Istria along with Trieste, excluding the island of Krk, and part of Kastav commune, which mostly went to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. By the Treaty of Rome (27 January 1924), the Free State of Fiume (Rijeka) was divided between Italy and Yugoslavia. Also, Italy occupied southern Albania and established a protectorate over Albania, which remained in place until 1920.

The Allies defeated the Austrian Empire in 1918 and Italy became one of the main winners of the war. At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, Prime Minister Vittorio Emanuele Orlando focused almost exclusively on territorial gains, but he got far less than he wanted, and Italians were bitterly resentful when they were denied control of the city of Fiume. The conference, under the control of Britain, France and the United States refused to assign Dalmatia and Albania to Italy as had been promised in the Treaty of London. Britain, France and Japan divided the German overseas colonies into mandates of their own, excluding Italy. Italy also gained no territory from the breakup of the Ottoman Empire.

Italy did not receive other territories promised by the Treaty of London, so this outcome was denounced as a Mutilated victory. The rhetoric of Mutilated victory was adopted by Benito Mussolini and led to the rise of Italian fascism, becoming a key point in the propaganda of Fascist Italy. Historians regard Mutilated victory as a "political myth", used by fascists to fuel Italian imperialism and obscure the successes of liberal Italy in the aftermath of World War I. Italy also gained a permanent seat in the League of Nations's executive council.

Fascism and World War II

• Green: Nice, Ticino and Dalmatia
• Red: Malta
• Violet: Corsica
• Savoy and Corfu were later claimed.]]

The Fascist government that came to power with Benito Mussolini in 1922 sought to increase the size of the Italian empire and to satisfy the claims of Italian irredentists. Italian Fascism is based upon Italian nationalism and imperialism, and in particular seeks to complete what it considers as the incomplete project of the unification of Italy by incorporating Italia Irredenta (unredeemed Italy) into the state of Italy. To the east of Italy, the Fascists claimed that Dalmatia was a land of Italian culture whose Italians, including those of Italianized South Slavic descent, had been driven out of Dalmatia and into exile in Italy, and supported the return of Italians of Dalmatian heritage. Mussolini identified Dalmatia as having strong Italian cultural roots for centuries, similarly to Istria, via the Roman Empire and the Republic of Venice. To the south of Italy, the Fascists claimed Malta, which belonged to the United Kingdom, and Corfu, which instead belonged to Greece; to the north claimed Italian Switzerland, while to the west claimed Corsica, Nice, and Savoy, which belonged to France. The Fascist regime produced literature on Corsica that presented evidence of the island's italianità. The Fascist regime produced literature on Nice that justified that Nice was an Italian land based on historic, ethnic, and linguistic grounds.

]]

Mussolini promised to bring Italy back as a great power in Europe, building a "New Roman Empire" and holding power over the Mediterranean Sea. In propaganda, Fascists used the ancient Roman motto "Mare Nostrum" (Latin for "Our Sea") to describe the Mediterranean. For this reason the Fascist regime engaged in interventionist foreign policy. In 1923, the Greek island of Corfu was briefly occupied by Italy, after the assassination of General Tellini in Greek territory. In 1925, Italy forced Albania to become a de facto protectorate. In 1935, Mussolini invaded Ethiopia and founded Italian East Africa, resulting in an international alienation and leading to Italy's withdrawal from the League of Nations; Italy allied with Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan and strongly supported Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War. In 1939, Italy formally annexed Albania. Italy entered World War II on 10 June 1940. The Italians initially advanced in British Somaliland, Egypt, the Balkans (establishing the Governorate of Dalmatia and Montenegro, the Province of Ljubljana, and the puppet states Independent State of Croatia and Hellenic State), and eastern fronts. They were, however, subsequently defeated on the Eastern Front as well as in the East African campaign and the North African campaign, losing as a result their territories in Africa and in the Balkans.

An Allied invasion of Sicily began in July 1943, leading to the collapse of the Fascist regime and the fall of Mussolini on 25 July. In the north, the Germans set up the Italian Social Republic (RSI), a Nazi puppet state with Mussolini installed as leader after he was rescued by German paratroopers. Some Italian troops in the south were organised into the Italian Co-belligerent Army, which fought alongside the Allies for the rest of the war, while other Italian troops, loyal to Mussolini and his RSI, continued to fight alongside the Germans in the National Republican Army. Also, the post-armistice period saw the rise of a large anti-fascist resistance movement, the Resistenza. As result, the country descended into civil war; the Italian resistance fought a guerrilla war against the Nazi German occupiers and Italian Fascist forces, In late April 1945, with total defeat looming, Mussolini attempted to escape north, but was captured and summarily executed near Lake Como by Italian partisans. His body was then taken to Milan, where it was hung upside down at a service station for public viewing and to provide confirmation of his demise. Hostilities ended on 29 April 1945, when the German forces in Italy surrendered.

Republican era

Italy became a republic after the 1946 Italian institutional referendum held on 2 June 1946, a day celebrated since as Festa della Repubblica. This was the first time that Italian women voted at the national level, and the second time overall considering the local elections that were held a few months earlier in some cities. Under the Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947, Istria, Kvarner, most of the Julian March as well as the Dalmatian city of Zara was annexed by Yugoslavia causing the Istrian-Dalmatian exodus, which led to the emigration of between 230,000 and 350,000 of local ethnic Italians (Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians), the others being ethnic Slovenians, ethnic Croatians, and ethnic Istro-Romanians, choosing to maintain Italian citizenship. Later, the Free Territory of Trieste was divided between the two states. Italy also lost all of its colonial possessions, formally ending the Italian Empire. In 1950, Italian Somaliland was made a United Nations Trust Territory under Italian administration until 1 July 1960. The Italian border that applies today has existed since 1975, when Trieste was formally re-annexed to Italy.

]]

In 1949 Italy became a member of NATO. The Marshall Plan helped to revive the Italian economy which, until the late 1960s, enjoyed a period of sustained economic growth commonly called the "Economic Miracle". In the 1950s, Italy became one of the six founding countries of the European Communities, following the 1952 establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community, and subsequent 1958 creations of the European Economic Community and European Atomic Energy Community. In 1993, the former two of these were incorporated into the European Union.

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Italy maintains diplomatic relations with:

Bilateral relations by country

Africa

Americas

Asia

Europe

Oceania

International institutions

Italy is part of the UN, EU, NATO, the OECD, the OSCE, the DAC, the WTO, the G7, the G20, the Union for the Mediterranean, the Latin Union, the Council of Europe, the Central European Initiative, the ASEM, the MEF, the ISA, the Uniting for Consensus and several Contact Groups.

Nobel Prizes

Main article: List of Italian Nobel laureates

References

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190. "States with Which the Republic of Uzbekistan Established Diplomatic Relations".
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192. "The Italian Republic".
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194. "Bilateral relations of Tajikistan with Italy".
195. "States with which Turkmenistan established diplomatic relations".
196. "Informazioni generali".
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215. "Rete diplomatica".
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217. "AMBASCIATE ESTERE IN ITALIA".
218. "Country of accreditation".
219. "Consular network".
220. (2021-02-22). "Three killed in attack on UN World Food Programme convoy in DR Congo".
221. "Rappresentanti Diplomatici in Egitto".
222. "I Documenti Diplomatici Italiani Undicesima Serie: 1948-1953 Volume VI (26 luglio 1951 – 30 giugno 1952)".
223. "Presidenza Antonio Segni Bakar Ould Ahmedou, nuovo ambasciatore della Mauritania: presentazione lettere credenziali".
224. "Rete diplomatica".
225. "Archived copy".
226. "Storia".
227. "Annuaire".
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229. "Presidenza Giovanni Gronchi: Sua Eccellenza Edouard Basse, nuovo ambasciatore del Senegal: presentazione delle lettere credenziali".
230. "Ambasciata d'Italia - Pretoria".
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233. "Ambasciata d'Italia - Tunisi".
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235. "Bienvenido a República Italiana - República Italiana".
236. "Bienvenido a Consulado General y Centro de Promoción Comercial en Milán - Consulado General y Centro de Promoción Comercial en Milán".
237. "Ambasciata d'Italia - Buenos Aires".
238. "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Belize".
239. "Mexico - New Italian honorary consul appointed in Playa del Carmen".
240. "Resident diplomatic missions of Brazil in Italy". Ministério das Relações Exteriores.
241. "Embassy of Italy in Brasilia".
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244. "Consulate-General of Italy in Rio de Janeiro".
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246. "Consolato - Belo Horizonte".
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254. "Ambasciata d'Italia - Santiago".
255. "- Embajada de Colombia en Italia".
256. "Ambasciata d'Italia - Bogota".
257. "La rete consolare".
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259. "Embassy of Cuba in Italy".
260. "Embassy of Italy in Havana".
261. "I Documenti Diplomatici Italiani Terza Serie: 1896-1907 Volume II (1 maggio 1897 - 23 giugno 1898)".
262. "Countries of concurrent accreditation".
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264. "Inicio".
265. "Inicio".
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267. "Relaciones diplomaticas de la Reublica de Panama".
268. "Ambasciata d'Italia - Assunzione".
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270. "Ambasciata d'Italia - Lima".
271. "Embassy of Peru in Rome (in Italian and Spanish)".
272. "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Italy".
273. "Ambasciata d'Italia - Montevideo".
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281. "Ambasciata d'Italia - Jerevan".
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290. "Consolato Generale - Mumbai".
291. "The Cost of Economic Sanctions on Major Exporters to Iran". Payvand.com.
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300. "Ambasciata del Giappone in Italia".
301. "Japanese general consulate in Milan (in Italian and Japanese only)".
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303. "Meeting in Rome: Kazakhstan, Italy discuss cooperation across many spheres".
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305. "Relazioni tra il Libano e l'Italia".
306. "LEGGE 22 dicembre 1950, n. 1281".
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318. "Guerra di Corea, 70 anni fa la prima missione militare internazionale italiana".
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322. "주 이탈리아 대한민국 대사관".
323. "System Italy: Stronger economic relations between Italy and South Korea".
324. "Sri Lanka - Italy Relations".
325. "La rete consolare".
326. "Thai embassy in Rome".
327. "Ambasciata d'Italia - Ankara".
328. "Benvenuto – Bobi 2001 – Just another WordPress site".
329. "Ambasciata d'Italia - Hanoi".
330. "Microsoft Word - Cult prof English version.doc".
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332. "In Italy Online - Ethnic Italy - The History of Albanians in Italy".
333. "Diplomatic Relations".
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335. "Ambasciata d'Italia - Minsk".
336. "Diplomatie.be".
337. "Ambasciata d'Italia - Bruxelles".
338. "Consolato Generale - Charleroi".
339. "Italian general consulate in Liège (in French and Italian only)".
340. "Italian consulate in Genk (in Dutch and Italian only)".
341. "Italian consulate in Mons (in French and Italian only)".
342. "Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878-2005)".
343. "Министерство на външните работи".
344. "Bulgarian embassy in Rome".
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351. "Ambasciata d'Italia - Praga".
352. "La Rete Consolare - Brno".
353. "Estonian Embassy in Rome".
354. "Ambasciata d'Italia - Tallinn".
355. "Ambasciata d'Italia - Helsinki".
356. "Suomen suurlähetystö, Rooma".
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361. "Hungarian general consulate in Milan (in Hungarian and Italian only)".
362. "Ambasciata d'Italia - Budapest".
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368. (2008-02-21). "Consiglio dei Ministri n. 93 del 21 febbraio 2008". Italian Council of Ministers.
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372. "Embassy of Latvia in Italy".
373. "Ambasciata d'Italia - Vilnius".
374. "Lithuanian embassy in Rome".
375. "Anagrafe".
376. "Ambasciata del Lussemburgo a Roma: Tutte le info che cerchi".
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378. "Rapport de Politique Extérieure 2007".
379. Zaken, Ministerie van Buitenlandse. "Nederland wereldwijd - Nederlandwereldwijd.nl".
380. Zaken, Ministerie van Buitenlandse. "Nederland wereldwijd - Nederlandwereldwijd.nl".
381. Zaken, Ministerie van Buitenlandse. "Nederland wereldwijd - Nederlandwereldwijd.nl".
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383. "Italian general consulate in Amsterdam (in Dutch and Italian only)".
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387. "Maleje liczba Polaków we Włoszech".
388. "Diplomatic Relations of Romania".
389. "Ambasciata d'Italia - Bucarest".
390. "AMBASADA ROMÂNIEI în Republica Italiană".
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393. (17 June 2021). "Studiare in Italia: come iscriversi all'università se sei un cittadino russo?".
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395. "Ambasciata d'Italia - Belgrado".
396. Zupančič, Jernej. (August 2004). "Ethnic Structure of Slovenia and Slovenes in Neighbouring Countries". Association of the Geographic Societies of Slovenia.
397. Zupančič, Jernej (author), Orožen Adamič, Milan (photographer), Filipič, Hanzi (photographer): ''Slovenci po svetu''. In publication: ''Nacionalni atlas Slovenije'' (Kartografsko gradivo) / Inštitut za geografijo, Geografski inštitut Antona Melika. Ljubljana: Rokus, 2001.{{COBISS. sl
398. "Ambasciata d'Italia - Kiev".
399. "Sedi consolari ucraine in Italia.".
400. (25 March 2011). "BBC News: Why are Ukrainians working abroad?".
401. Diplomat Magazine. (20 May 2019). "Italy".
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405. Trade, corporateName= Department of Foreign Affairs and. "Australian Embassy in".
406. "Ambasciata d'Italia - Canberra".
407. "Consolato Generale - Sydney".
408. "Consolato - Perth".
409. "Formal Diplomatic Relations (FDR) List".
410. "Ambasciata d'Italia - Wellington".
411. Trade, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and. "The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade acts in the world to make New Zealanders safer and more prosperous".
412. "Vanuatu".
413. "The Nobel Peace Prize 1907".