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Flag carrier

Transport company with preferential status

Transport company with preferential status

Note

transport companies having flag-carrier status

A flag carrier is a transport company, such as an airline or shipping company, that, being locally registered in a given sovereign state, enjoys preferential rights or privileges accorded by that government for international operations.

Historically, the term was used to refer to airlines owned by the government of their home country and associated with the national identity of that country. Such an airline may also be known as a national airline or a national carrier, although this can have different legal meanings in some countries. Today, it is any international airline with a strong connection to its home country or that represents its home country internationally, regardless of whether it is government-owned.

Flag carriers may also be known as such due to laws requiring aircraft or ships to display the state flag of the country of their registry. For example, under the law of the United States, a U.S. flag air carrier is any airline that holds a certificate under Section 401 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (i.e., any U.S.-based airline operating internationally), and any ship registered in the United States is known as a U.S. flag vessel.

Background

The term "flag carrier" is a legacy of the early days of commercial aviation when governments often took the lead by establishing state-owned airlines because of the high capital costs of running them. However, not all such airlines were government-owned; Pan Am, TWA, Cathay Pacific, Union de Transports Aériens, Canadian Pacific Air Lines and Olympic Airlines were all privately owned, but were considered to be flag carriers as they were the "main national airline" and often a sign of their country's presence abroad.

The heavily regulated aviation industry also meant aviation rights are often negotiated between governments, denying airlines access to an open market. These Bilateral Air Transport Agreements similar to the Bermuda I and Bermuda II agreements specify rights awardable only to locally registered airlines, forcing some governments to jump-start airlines to avoid being disadvantaged in the face of foreign competition. Some countries also establish flag carriers such as Israel's El Al or Lebanon's Middle East Airlines for nationalist reasons or to aid the country's economy, particularly in the area of tourism.

In many cases, governments would directly assist in the growth of their flag carriers typically through subsidies and other fiscal incentives. The establishment of competitors in the form of other locally registered airlines may be prohibited or heavily regulated to avoid direct competition. Even where privately run airlines may be allowed to be established, the flag carriers may still be accorded priority, especially in the apportionment of aviation rights to local or international markets.

Near the end of the twentieth century, many of these airlines have been corporatized as a public company or a state-owned enterprise, while others have been completely privatized. The aviation industry has also been gradually deregulated and liberalized, permitting greater freedoms of the air particularly in the United States and in the European Union with the signing of the Open Skies agreement. One of the features of such agreements is the right of a country to designate multiple airlines to serve international routes with the result that there is no single "flag carrier".

List of flag-carrying airlines

The chart below lists airlines considered to be a "flag carrier", based on current or former state ownership or other verifiable designation as a national airline.

  • PLEASE DO NOT ADD ANYTHING WITHOUT SOURCES. Please also refer to previous discussion on the talk page (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Flag_carrier/Archive_1#List_of_flag_carriers) regarding providing sources for this table.
  • PLEASE USE LIST-DEFINED REFERENCES (WP:LDR) FOR THE LIST OF FLAG CARRIERS (add references to the bottom of the page).

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Country or RegionAirlineDetails of current state ownershipDetails of former state ownership
Ariana Afghan AirlinesState-owned
Air AlgérieState-owned
TAAG Angola AirlinesMajority
Aerolíneas ArgentinasState-owned
Aruba AirlinesNone
QantasNoneState-owned until 1992.
Austrian AirlinesNone – owned by LufthansaState-owned until 5 December 2008.
Azerbaijan AirlinesState-owned
BahamasairState-owned
Gulf AirState-owned
Biman Bangladesh AirlinesPublic limited companyState-owned until 23 July 2007.
BelaviaState-owned
Brussels AirlinesNone – owned by LufthansaState-owned in its original incarnation (SN Brussels Airlines).
BermudAirNone
Druk AirNone
Boliviana de AviaciónState-owned
Air BotswanaState-owned
Royal Brunei AirlinesState-owned
Bulgaria AirMinority state-owned (0.01%)
Air BurkinaState-owned
last1=Piseifirst1=Hintitle=National carrier expanding fleet, announces name changeurl=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/business/national-carrier-expanding-fleet-announces-name-changeaccess-date=1 January 2025work=The Phnom Penh Postdate=16 December 2024}}Majority
Camair-CoState-owned
Air CanadaNonetitle=Canadian Taxpayers Now Own Part of Air Canadaurl=https://ca.travelpulse.com/news/airlines/canadian-taxpayers-now-own-part-of-air-canada.htmlaccess-date=12 October 2021website=TravelPulse}}
title=TACV rebrands to Cabo Verde Airlines and plans to partner with TAAGurl=https://newsroom.aviator.aero/tacv-rebrands-to-cabo-verde-airlines-and-plans-to-partner-with-taagaccess-date=19 January 2025work=Aviatordate=5 May 2018}}Majority (90%)
Cayman AirwaysState-owned
LATAM ChileNoneState-owned until September 1989.
Air ChinaMajority (51.7%): 40.98% through CNAHC and 10.72% through CNACGState-owned until 2004.
AviancaNone
Avianca Costa Rica
Croatia AirlinesMajority (98%)
Cubana de AviaciónState-owned
Cyprus AirwaysNone – 40% owned by Malta-based SJC Group
Congo AirwaysState-owned
Scandinavian AirlinesMinority (~26%) state-owned by Ministry of Finance of DenmarkSAS was partly owned by the governments of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. SAS is the flag carrier for all three nations.
Air DjiboutiJoint venture
ArajetNone
EgyptairState-owned
CEIBA IntercontinentalState-owned
Eritrean AirlinesState-owned
Eswatini Air
Ethiopian AirlinesState-owned
Atlantic Airways
Fiji AirwaysMajority (51%)
FinnairMajority (55.8%)
Air Francetitle=Shareholding structure AIR FRANCE KLMurl=https://www.airfranceklm.com/en/finance/air-france-klm-capital/shareholding-structureaccess-date=2024-12-30website=www.airfranceklm.com}}
Air Tahiti NuiMajority
Georgian AirwaysNone
LufthansaNonetitle=Shareholder structure of Lufthansa Groupurl=https://investor-relations.lufthansagroup.com/en/share-bonds/shareholder-structure.htmlaccess-date=19 December 2020}} was sold in 2022.
Aegean AirlinesThe Greek Government had minority shares of the airline due to a COVID bailout. The airline bought back government shares in 2023
Air GreenlandState-ownedPreviously owned by Scandinavian Airlines and Ministry of Finance of Denmark.
Bailiwick of GuernseyAurignyState-owned
Cathay PacificMinority (~29.98% through Air China)Hong Kong Government owned 6.8% of shares from 2020 to 2024.
IcelandairNone – owned by Icelandair Group
Air IndiaNone – owned by Tata Group (74.9%) and Singapore Airlines (25.1%)date=8 October 2021title=Air India: Struggling national carrier sold to Tata Sonslanguage=en-GBwork=BBC Newsurl=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-58778274access-date=11 October 2021}}
Garuda IndonesiaMajority (60.54%)
Iran AirState-owned
Iraqi Airways
Aer LingusNone – owned by IAGState-owned until September 2006.
El AlMinority (~1.1%)State-owned until June 2004.
ITA AirwaysMajority (59%)Succeeded Alitalia starting from 15 October 2021
Air Côte d'IvoireState-owned
Caribbean AirlinesMinority (16%)
Majority (84%)
Japan AirlinesNonetitle=Japan Airlines Company, Ltd.url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Japan-Airlines-Company-Ltd-Company-History.htmlpublisher=fundinguniverse.comaccess-date=6 September 2009}}
All Nippon AirwaysNone
Royal Jordanian
Air AstanaMajority (51%)
Kenya AirwaysMinority (29.8%)
Air Kiribati
Kuwait AirwaysState-owned
Asman AirlinesState-owned
Lao AirlinesState-owned
airBalticMajority (80.05%)
Middle East AirlinesMajority (99%)
Afriqiyah AirwaysState-owned
Libyan AirlinesState-owned
LuxairMajority (73.86%)
Air MacauMinority (5%)
Madagascar AirlinesMajority
Malawian AirlinesMajority (51%)
Malaysia AirlinesState-owned through Khazanah Nasional
Maldivian
last1=Zammitfirst1=Mark Laurencedate=2 October 2023title=New airline replacing Air Malta to fly on March 31, 2024url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/new-airline-replacing-air-malta-fly-march-31.1058754url-status=livearchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222042336/https://timesofmalta.com/article/new-airline-replacing-air-malta-fly-march-31.1058754archive-date=22 February 2024work=Times of Malta}}Majority
Air Marshall Islands
Mauritania AirlinesState-owned
Air Mauritius
AeroméxicoNoneState-owned until 2007.
MIAT Mongolian AirlinesState-owned
Air MontenegroState-owned
Royal Air MarocState-owned
LAM Mozambique AirlinesState-owned
MyanmarMyanmar National AirlinesState-owned
Nauru AirlinesState-owned
Nepal AirlinesState-owned
KLMtitle=Dutch authorities purchase stake in holding company Air France-KLM – European Sources Onlineurl=https://www.europeansources.info/record/dutch-authorities-purchase-stake-in-holding-company-air-france-klm/access-date=2024-12-30language=en-GB}}
New CaledoniaAircalinMajority (99%)
Air New ZealandMajority (53%)State-owned until 1989, partially re-nationalized in 2001.
Air KoryoState-owned
Oman AirMajority
Pakistan International AirlinesState-owned
Copa AirlinesNone
Air Niugini
LATAM Paraguay
LATAM Perú
Philippine AirlinesState-owned until 1992.
LOT Polish AirlinesState-owned
TAP Air PortugalMajority (72%)
Qatar AirwaysState-owned
Air Austral
TAROMMajority (97.22%)
AeroflotMajority (51%)
RwandAirtitle=Ethiopian Airlines, RwandAir eye strategic partnershipfirst1=Kurtlast1=Hofmannpublisher=Air Transport Worlddate=7 March 2016url=http://atwonline.com/finance-data/ethiopian-airlines-rwandair-eye-strategic-partnershipurl-status=deadarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312133451/http://atwonline.com/finance-data/ethiopian-airlines-rwandair-eye-strategic-partnershiparchive-date=12 March 2016 }}
Samoa AirwaysState-owned
STP AirwaysNone
SaudiaMajority
Air Senegal
Air SerbiaMajority (51%)
Air SeychellesState-owned (100%)
Solomon AirlinesState-owned
Air Sierra Leone
Singapore AirlinesMajority (54.5% through Temasek Holdings)
South African AirwaysState-owned
Korean Airtitle=Korean Air info on Hanjin corporate websitepublisher=Hanjin KAL Corporationurl=https://www.hanjinkal.co.kr/en/contentsid/647/index.doaccess-date=28 June 2022}}State-owned until 1969.
IberiaNone – owned by IAG
SriLankan AirlinesState-owned
Sudan AirwaysState-owned
Surinam AirwaysState-owned
Swiss International Air LinesNone – owned by Lufthansa
Syrian AirState-owned
China AirlinesMajorityState-owned until 1991. 51.28% held by non-profit Civic Aviation Development Foundation.
Aero Dili
Air TanzaniaState-owned
Thai Airways InternationalMinority (47.86%)
TunisairMajority
Turkish AirlinesMinority (49%)
Turkmenistan AirlinesState-owned
Uganda Airlines
Ukraine International Airlines
Etihad AirwaysState-owned by the Government of Abu Dhabi
EmiratesState-owned by the Government of Dubai through the ICD.
British AirwaysNone – owned by IAGState-owned until 1987.
Uzbekistan AirwaysMajority
Conviasa
Vietnam AirlinesMajority (86.2%)
YemeniaMajority
Zambia Airways
Air ZimbabweState-owned

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