Flacourtia indica

Description

This is a bushy shrub or tree with a spiny trunk and branches. In shrub form, it grows up to 25 ft, and as a tree, it reaches a maximum height around 50 ft. The drooping branches bear oval leaves. The seeds are dispersed by birds. This tree has thorns similar to that of a lime or lemon tree. If in contact with the thorns, it leaves a nasty stinging pain.

Taxonomy

It is also commonly known as the 'batako' plum.

It was first described and published as Gmelina indica by Nicolaas Laurens Burman in Fl. Ind. 132, t. 39, fig. 5 in 1768, it was then re-published as Flacourtia indica by Elmer Drew Merrill in Interpr. Herb. Amboin. on page 377 in 1917.

F. indica and Flacourtia ramontchi (the Madagascar plum) are treated as separate species, including by Plants of the World Online, but not by GRIN (United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service).

Distribution

It is native to the countries (and regions) of Bangladesh, Botswana, Burundi, Cambodia, China (southeastern and Hainan), Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, India (Assam, Laccadive Islands), Indonesia (Java, Lesser Sunda Islands and Sulawesi), Kenya, Laos, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Rwanda, Seychelles (Aldabra ), Singapore, Somalia, Sri Lanka, South Africa (Cape Provinces, KwaZulu-Natal and Northern Provinces), Sudan, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, Vietnam, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

It has been introduced into various places such as Angola, Bahamas, Chad, Dominican Republic, Hawaii, Jamaica, Leeward Islands, Mauritius, Nicobar Islands, Puerto Rico, (Island of) Réunion, Society Islands, Trinidad and Tobago.

Uses

The ramontchi fruit itself is about an inch thick and red ripening purple. It is very fleshy and has 6 to 10 seeds in layered carpels. The pulp is yellow or white and sweet with an acidic tang. It is eaten raw or made into jelly or jam. It can be fermented to make wine.

The leaves and roots are used in herbal medicine for treatment of snakebite. The bark is believed to be effective for arthritis. Most parts of the plant are used for cough, pneumonia, and bacterial throat infection. It has also been used for diarrhoea.

In India, it is used in folk medicine to treat functional disorders like rheumatoid arthritis and gout. Its berries are edible, and the bark can be triturated (ground) with sesamum oil and then used as alignment of rheumatism. Similarly, the extract of its fruit has diuretic, hepatoprotective, and antidiabetic properties (Patro et al. 2013). As it contains a glucoside ('Flacourside'), and 'Flacourtin' (an ester).

Antimalarial compounds have been found in the aerial parts of Flacourtia indica.

The tree is planted as a living fence; it was one of the species used for the Indian Inland Customs Line. The wood is used for firewood and small wooden tools such as plough handles.

Cultivation

The plant is known as an occasionally invasive introduced species in some areas. It has been cultivated in Florida in the United States, and today, it occurs as a weed in some parts of the state.

References

References

1. Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) & IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group. (2019). "''Flacourtia indica''".
2. "''Flacourtia indica'' (Burm.f.) Merr. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science".
3. [http://www.hear.org/pier/species/flacourtia_indica.htm Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk]
4. "''Flacourtia indica'' {{!}} batako plum /RHS Gardening".
5. (2008). "Antioxidant properties of methanolic extracts from ''Diospyros mespiliformis'' (jackal berry), ''Flacourtia indica'' (Batoka plum), ''Uapaca kirkiana'' (wild loquat) and ''Ziziphus mauritiana'' (yellow berry) fruits.". Int. J. Food Sci. Technol..
6. "''Flacourtia indica'' {{!}} International Plant Names Index".
7. "''Flacourtia ramontchi'' L'Hér. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science".
8. "''Flacourtia ramontchi'' {{!}} ramontchi /RHS Gardening".
9. "''Flacourtia ramontchi'' L'Herit. {{!}} Species".
10. {{GRIN. ''Flacourtia indica'' (Burm. f.) Merr.. 17118
11. [http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/AFTPDFS/Flacourtia_indica.pdf World Agroforestry]
12. (2013). "Pharmacological review of ''Flacourtia sepiaria'' (Ruxb.).". Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy.
13. (2007). "Flacourside, a new 4-oxo-2-cyclopentenylmethyl glucoside from the fruit juice of ''Flacourtia indica''.". Food Chem..
14. (1987). "Flacourtin, a phenolic glucoside ester from ''Flacourtia indica''.". Phytochemistry.
15. (2010). "Antimalarial compounds from the aerial parts of ''Flacourtia indica'' (Flacourtiaceae).". J. Ethnopharmacol..
16. "''Flacourtia indica'' in Flora of North America @ efloras.org".