Feingold diet

Technique

The diet was originally based on the elimination of salicylate, artificial food coloring, and artificial flavors; later on in the 1970s, the preservatives BHA, BHT, and (somewhat later) TBHQ Besides foods with the eliminated additives, aspirin- or additive-containing drugs and toiletries were to be avoided. Even today, parents are advised to limit their purchases of mouthwash, toothpaste, cough drops, perfume, and various other nonfood products to those published in the Feingold Association's annual Foodlist and Shopping Guide. Some versions of the diet prohibit only artificial food coloring and additives. According to the Royal College of Psychiatrists the diet prohibited a number of foods that contain salicylic acid including apples, cucumbers and tomatoes.

Feingold stressed that the diet must be followed strictly and for an entire lifetime, and that whole families – not just the subject being "treated" – must observe the diet's rules.

Effectiveness

Although the diet had a certain popular appeal, a 1983 meta-analysis found research on it to be of poor quality, and that overall there was no good evidence that it was effective in fulfilling its claims.

In common with other elimination diets, the Feingold diet can be costly and boring, and thus difficult for people to maintain.

In general, there is no evidence to support broad claims that food coloring causes food intolerance and ADHD-like behavior in children. It is possible that certain food coloring may act as a trigger in those who are genetically predisposed, but the evidence is weak.

Reception

For decades, the Feingold Program required a significant change in family lifestyle because families were limited to a narrow selection of foods. Such foods were sometimes expensive or had to be prepared "from scratch," greatly increasing the amount of time and effort a family must put into preparing a meal. As more and more foods without the potentially offending additives are being produced and available in neighborhood supermarkets, this is much less a problem.

While some fruits and a few vegetables are eliminated in the first weeks of the Program, they are replaced by others. Often, some or all of these items can be returned to the diet, once the level of tolerance is determined.

History

Feingold was Chief of Pediatrics at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Los Angeles, CA, until 1951, when he became Chief of Allergy at Kaiser-Permanente Medical Center in San Francisco.{{cite book | url-access=registration He continued his work with children and adults with hyperactivity and allergy until his death at the age of 82, in 1982.

Since the 1940s, researchers worldwide had discussed cross-reactions of aspirin (a common salicylate) and tartrazine (FD&C Yellow #5).{{cite book Dr. Stephen Lockey at the Mayo Clinic and later Feingold at Kaiser, hypothesized that eliminating both salicylates and synthetic food additives from patients' diets not only eliminated allergic-type reactions such as asthma, eczema and hives,{{cite journal | author = Lockey, SD Sr. | title = Hypersensitivity to tartrazine (FD&C Yellow No. 5) and other dyes and additives present in foods and pharmaceutical products. | journal = Annals of Allergy | volume = 38 | issue = 3 | pages = 206–10 | date= 1977 | pmid=842907

Feingold presented his findings at the annual conference of the American Medical Association in June 1973. This led to a controlled double-blind crossover study published in the August 1976 issue of Pediatrics.

A two-week-long conference was arranged in January 1975, in Glen Cove, Long Island. There, the Nutrition Foundation attendees created what they called the National Advisory Committee. The committee widely published its preliminary report concluding that "no controlled studies have demonstrated that hyperkinesis is related to the ingestion of food additives."

References

References

1. (July 2011). "What is the evidence for our standards of care?". J. Clin. Invest..
2. Kanarek RB. (July 2011). "Artificial food dyes and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder". Nutr. Rev..
3. (1983). "Hyperactivity and Diet Treatment: A Meta-Analysis of the Feingold Hypothesis". Journal of Learning Disabilities.
4. (January 2014). "Eating well and mental health". Royal College of Psychiatrists.
5. Tomaska LD and Brooke-Taylor, S. ''Food Additives – General'' pp. 449–54 in Encyclopedia of Food Safety, Vol 2: Hazards and Diseases. Eds, Motarjemi Y et al. Academic Press, 2013. p. 452. {{ISBN. 978-0123786135
6. (February 2012). "The diet factor in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". Pediatrics.
7. FDA. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110331210358/http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/FoodAdvisoryCommittee/UCM248549.pdf Background Document for the Food Advisory Committee: Certified Color Additives in Food and Possible Association with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children: March 30–31, 2011]
8. (2009). "Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of Sunset Yellow FCF (E 110) as a food additive". EFSA Journal.
9. Barrett S. (March 11, 2002). "The Feingold Diet".
10. Dumbrell, S.. (December 1978). "Is the Australian version of the Feingold diet safe?". The Medical Journal of Australia.
11. Lockey, SD. (September–October 1959). "Allergic reactions due to F D and C Yellow No. 5, tartrazine, an aniline dye used as a coloring and identifying agent in various steroids". Annals of Allergy.
12. Feingold, Ben F.. (1982). "The Role of Diet in Behaviour". Ecology of Disease.
13. (August 2016}}{{cite journal). "Food additives and hyperkinesis: a controlled double-blind experiment". Pediatrics.