From Surf Wiki (app.surf) — the open knowledge base

Exostosis

Formation of new bone on a bone

Field	Value
name	Exostosis
image	EXOSTOSE.jpg
caption	X-ray of the left femur of a 5-year-old boy with an osteochondroma (a type of exostosis) at the lateral side, just above the knee.

An exostosis ( exostoses) is a benign (non-cancerous) new growth projecting from the surface of a bone, informally known as a bone spur. Exostoses can cause chronic pain ranging from mild to severe, depending on the shape, size, and location of the lesion, though most are asymptomatic and are found by chance on plain x-ray taken for other reasons. Occasionally, an exostosis can be potentially life-threatening.

When used in the phrases "cartilaginous exostosis" or "osteocartilaginous exostosis", the term is considered synonymous with osteochondroma. Some sources consider the two terms to mean the same thing even without qualifiers, but this interpretation is not universal.

Osteomyelitis, a bone infection, may leave the adjacent bone with exostosis formation. Charcot foot, the neuropathic breakdown of the feet seen primarily in diabetics, can also leave bone spurs that may then become symptomatic.

Osteophytes

Main article: Osteophytes

Osteophytes are bone spurs that develop on the margins of joints secondary to external stimuli such as osteoarthritis. However, these are not always distinguished from extoses in any definite way.

Fossil record

Main article: Paleopathology

Evidence for exostosis found in the fossil record is studied by paleopathologists, specialists in ancient disease and injury. Exostosis has been reported in dinosaur fossils from several species, including Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, Albertosaurus sarcophagus, Allosaurus fragilis, Gorgosaurus libratus, and Poekilopleuron bucklandii.

Osteochondromas

Main article: Osteochondroma

Osteochondromas are benign chondrogenic lesions derived from aberrant cartilage from the perichondral ring. They are most commonly found in pre-teens through early 20s adjacent to the physes of the distal femur and proximal tibia but can be found adjacent to other physes, most notably the distal phalanx of the finger, where it presents as a subungual mass. Larger growths can occur on places like the ankles, knees, shoulders, elbows and hips. Very rarely are they on the skull. Though rare, malignant transformation can occur into a chondrosarcoma.

Hereditary multiple exostoses

Main article: Hereditary multiple exostoses

Hereditary multiple exostoses (HME), also called hereditary multiple osteochondromas (HMO) and familial osteochondromatosis is a condition that is estimated to affect 1 in 50,000 individuals. Multiple benign or noncancerous bone tumors develop in the affected individuals. The number and location vary among affected patients. Most people seem unaffected at birth; however, by the age of 12 years, they develop multiple exostoses. Affected individuals commonly complain of palpable and recognizable lumps (exostoses) at about the knees and in the forearms. The condition characteristically occurs bilaterally. It may lead to mild degrees of growth retardation and limb asymmetry. Genu valgum (commonly known as "knock-knees"), ankle valgus, and bowing and shortening of one or both of the forearm bones are common manifestations.

Types

Buccal exostosis
Enthesophyte
Footballer's ankle (exostosis of the ankle bone)
Hereditary multiple exostoses (HME)
Osteochondroma
Osteophyte
Subungual exostosis (exostosis under the fingernail or toenail)
Surfer's ear (exostosis of the ear canal)
Torus mandibularis
Torus palatinus
Calcaneal spur (heel spur)

References

et:Kooljaluu pt:Exostose

References

{{DorlandsDict. three/000037747. Exostosis
(18 September 2023). "Osteochondroma of the Rib: A Potentially Life-Threatening Benign Tumor". Cureus.
(1 February 2024). "Recurrence of exostosis as a result of medication-induced bruxism: case study". Canadian Journal of Dental Hygiene.
(2010). "Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse - E-Book". Elsevier Health Sciences.
(January 1844). "On Healthy and Diseased Bone, According to the Investigations of Frerichs, Marchand, Nasse, Ragsky, and Simon". The Medico-Chirurgical Review.
(2001). "Mesozoic Vertebrate Life". Indiana University Press.
(6 September 2022). "Hemothorax caused by costal exostosis injuring diaphragm: a case report and literature review". Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery.
(21 March 2018). "Current paediatric orthopaedic practice in hereditary multiple osteochondromas of the forearm: a systematic review". SICOT-J.

Info: Wikipedia Source

This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page.

bones

Want to explore this topic further?

Ask Mako anything about Exostosis — get instant answers, deeper analysis, and related topics.

Research with Mako

Free with your Surf account

Content sourced from Wikipedia, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.

This content may have been generated or modified by AI. CloudSurf Software LLC is not responsible for the accuracy, completeness, or reliability of AI-generated content. Always verify important information from primary sources.

Report