European Portuguese

Phonology

Vowels

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Vowel classification

Portuguese uses vowel height to contrast stressed syllables with unstressed syllables; the vowels tend to be raised to when they are unstressed (see below for details). The dialects of Portugal are characterized by reducing vowels to a greater extent than others. Falling diphthongs are composed of a vowel followed by one of the high vowels or ; although rising diphthongs occur in the language as well, they can be interpreted as hiatuses.

European Portuguese possesses quite a wide range of vowel allophones:

• All vowels are lowered and retracted before .
• All vowels are raised and advanced before alveolar, palato-alveolar and palatal consonants.
• Word-finally, as well as unstressed and are voiceless .

The realization of in this contrast occurs in a limited morphological context, namely in verbal conjugation between the first person plural present and past perfect indicative forms of verbs such as pensamos ('we think') and pensámos ('we thought'). proposes that it is a kind of crasis rather than phonemic distinction of and . It means that in falamos 'we speak' there is the expected prenasal -raising: , while in falámos 'we spoke' there are phonologically two in crasis: . Close-mid vowels and open-mid vowels ( and ) contrast only when they are stressed. In unstressed syllables, they occur in complementary distribution.

According to Mateus and d'Andrade (2000:19), in European Portuguese, the stressed only occurs in the following three contexts:

• Before a palatal consonant (such as telha )
• Before the palatal front glide (such as lei )
• Before a nasal consonant (such as cama )

In Greater Lisbon (according to NUTS III, which does not include Setúbal) can be centralized before palatal sounds (); e.g. roupeiro , brenha , texto , vejo , coelho .

European Portuguese "e caduc"

European Portuguese possesses a near-close near-back unrounded vowel. It occurs in unstressed syllables such as in pegar ('to grip'). There is no standard symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet for this sound. The IPA Handbook transcribes it as , but in Portuguese studies is traditionally used.

• Traditionally, it is pronounced when "e" is unstressed; e.g. verdade , perigo .
• However, if "e" is initial, then it is pronounced ; e.g. energia , exemplo .
• When "e" is adjacent to another vowel, it becomes ; e.g. real .
• However, notice that when the e caduc is preceded by a semi-vowel, it may become poesia , quietude .
• For the most part, unstressed "i" is not lowered to . However, when it is adjacent to a palatal consonant, , or to in the preceding/following syllable, it usually does become . E.g. ministro , príncipe , artilhar , caminhar , pistola , pijama .
• The Portuguese e caduc may be elided, becoming in some instances a syllabic consonant; e.g. verdade , perigo , energia, , ministro , príncipe , artilhar , caminhar , pistola .

There are very few minimal pairs for this sound: some examples include pregar ('to nail') vs. pregar ('to preach'; the latter stemming from earlier preegar

Consonants

Geographic variation

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European Portuguese is divided into Northern and Southern varieties. The prestige norms are based on two varieties: that of Coimbra and that of Lisbon.

Phonetically, differences emerge within Continental Portuguese. For example, in northern Portugal, the phonemes and are less differentiated than in the rest of the Portuguese speaking world (similar to the other languages of the Iberian peninsula). Also, the original alveolar trill remains common in many northern dialects (especially in rural areas), like Transmontano, Portuense, Minhoto, and much of Beirão. Another regionalism can be found in the south and the islands with the use of the gerund in the present progressive tense rather than the infinitive.

Portuguese is spoken by a significant minority in Andorra and Luxembourg. There are also immigrant communities in France and Germany.

Prominence

The Instituto Camões is a Portuguese international institution dedicated to the worldwide promotion of the Portuguese language, Portuguese culture, and international aid, on behalf of the Government of Portugal.

RTP is the Portuguese public television network and also serves as a vehicle for European-Portuguese-providing media content throughout the world. There is a branch of RTP Internacional named RTP África, which serves Lusophone Africa.

In estimating the size of the speech community for European Portuguese, one must take into account the consequences of the Portuguese diaspora: immigrant communities located throughout the world in the Americas, Australia, Europe and Africa.

References

Works cited

References

1. {{e18. por. Portuguese
2. (2004). "Urban Multilingualism in Europe: Immigrant Minority Languages at Home and School". Multilingual Matters.
3. {{Harvcoltxt. Cruz-Ferreira. 1995
4. Silveira, Regina Célia Pagliuchi da. (2004). "A questão da identidade idiomática: A pronúncia das vogais tônicas e pretônicas na variedade padrão do português brasileiro". Signum: Estudos da Linguagem.
5. {{Harvcoltxt. Spahr. 2013
6. {{Harvcoltxt. Major. 1992
7. (2000). "The Phonology of Portuguese". Oxford University Press.
8. "Aprender Português Europeu - Guia de Pronúncia das Vogais".
9. (1988). "The Romance Languages". Oxford University Press.
10. (2003). "Gramática da Língua Portuguesa". Caminho.
11. {{Harvcoltxt. Cruz-Ferreira. 1995
12. {{Harvcoltxt. Barbosa. Albano. 2004
13. Carvalho, Joana. (2012). "Sobre os Ditongos do Português Europeu". ELingUp.
14. {{Harvcoltxt. Bisol. 2005. pt. "A proposta é que a sequencia consoante velar + glide posterior seja indicada no léxico como uma unidade monofonemática /kʷ/ e /ɡʷ/. O glide que, nete caso, situa-se no ataque não-ramificado, forma com a vogal seguinte um ditongo crescente em nível pós lexical. Ditongos crescentes somente se formam neste nível. Em resumo, a consoante velar e o glide posterior, quando seguidos de a/o, formam uma só unidade fonológica, ou seja, um segmento consonantal com articulação secundária vocálica, em outros termos, um segmento complexo."
15. {{Harvcoltxt. Mateus. d'Andrade. 2000
16. Baxter, A. N.. (1992). "Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations". De Gruyter.