Essex-Lopresti fracture

Cause

This fracture typically occurs in patients who have fallen on an outstretched hand (a "FOOSH" injury).

Diagnosis

The injury can be difficult to diagnose initially as medical attention is usually focused on the injury to the radial head, leading to the distal radio-ulnar injury being overlooked. The examination finding of tenderness of the distal radio-ulnar joint suggests an Essex-Lopresti injury in patients who have sustained high energy forearm trauma. Plain radiography shows the radial head fracture, with dorsal subluxation of the ulna often seen on lateral view of the pronated wrist.

Management

The radial head fracture is usually managed by open reduction internal fixation under general anaesthesia: the area is opened surgically, the surgeon forces the bones back into their correct positions, and then fixes them in place using titanium pins and/ or plates; if the fracture is too comminuted (i.e., the bones have been crushed or fractured into many pieces) a radial head implant can be used. Excision/ removal of the radial head should be avoided, as over time this will cause the rest of the radius to migrate proximally leading to wrist pain and loss of pronation and supination of the wrist. Delayed treatment of the radial head fracture will also lead to proximal migration of the radius.

The distal radio-ulnar joint dislocation can be reduced by supination of the forearm, and may be pinned in place for 6 weeks to allow healing of the interosseous membrane.

Outcomes

Most healthy individuals can recover from this type of injury within 10 weeks. However, as with most bone fractures, there is always the possibility of malunion between bone fragments.

References

References

1. [http://www.wheelessonline.com/ortho/essex_lopresti_fracture Essex Lopresti fracture] at Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics online
2. Essex-Lopresti, P. (May 1951). "Fractures of the radial head with distal radio-ulnar dislocation: report of two cases.". J Bone Joint Surg Br.
3. Edwards, GS Jr.. (Sep 1988). "Radial head fractures with acute radioulnar dislocation. Essex-Lopresti revisited.". Clin Orthop Relat Res.