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Essex County, Massachusetts

County in Massachusetts, United States

Field	Value
county	Essex County
state	Massachusetts
type	County
seal	Seal of Essex County, Massachusetts.svg
founded year	1643
seat	Salem and Lawrence
ex image	{{multiple image
total_width	288
border	infobox
perrow	1/2/2/2
caption_align	center
image1	Lynn_Central_Square.jpg
alt1	LY
caption1	Lynn
image2	Federal_Street_District.jpg
alt2	Salem
caption2	Salem
image3	Lawrence_Canal_October_16_2022.jpg
alt3	Lawrence
caption3	Lawrence
image4	Great_House_-_Castle_Hill_on_the_Crane_Estate_-_Ipswich,_Massachusetts_-_DSC06125.jpg
alt4	CE
caption4	Crane Estate
image5	Rev._John_Hale_House_-_Beverly,_Massachusetts.JPG
alt5	JH
caption5	John Hale House
image6	Eaglehead_(Manchester-by-the-Sea).jpg
alt6	MBTS
caption6	Manchester-by-the-Sea
largest city wl	Lynn
area_total_sq_mi	828
area_land_sq_mi	493
area_water_sq_mi	336
area percentage	41%
census yr	2020
pop	809,829
pop_est_as_of	2024
population_est	823,938
pop_est_footnotes
density_sq_mi	1643
district	3rd
district2	6th
time zone	Eastern
named for	Essex, England

Essex County is located in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Massachusetts. At the 2020 census, the total population was 809,829, making it the third-most populous county in the state, and the seventy-eighth-most populous in the country. It is part of the Greater Boston area (the Boston–Cambridge–Newton, MA–NH Metropolitan Statistical Area). The largest city in Essex County is Lynn. The county was named after the English county of Essex.

The county has two traditional county seats: Salem and Lawrence. Prior to the dissolution of the county government in 1999, Salem had jurisdiction over the Southern Essex District, and Lawrence had jurisdiction over the Northern Essex District, but currently these cities do not function as seats of government. However, the county and the districts remain as administrative regions recognized by various governmental agencies, which gathered vital statistics or disposed of judicial case loads under these geographic subdivisions, and are required to keep the records based on them. The county has been designated the Essex National Heritage Area by the National Park Service.

History

The county was created by the General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony on May 10, 1643, when it was ordered "that the whole plantation within this jurisdiction be divided into four sheires". Named after the county in England, Essex then comprised the towns of Salem, Lynn, Wenham, Ipswich, Rowley, Newbury, Gloucester and Andover. In 1680, Haverhill, Amesbury and Salisbury, located north of the Merrimack River, were annexed to Essex County. These communities had been part of Massachusetts' colonial-era Norfolk County (1643–1680). The remaining four towns within "Old" Norfolk County, which included Exeter and what is now Portsmouth, were transferred to the Province of New Hampshire. The Massachusetts-based settlements were then subdivided over the centuries to produce Essex County's modern composition of cities and towns.

Essex County is where Elbridge Gerry (who was born and raised in Marblehead) created a legislative district in 1812 that gave rise to the word gerrymandering.

Due to a confluence of floods, hurricanes, and severe winter storms, Essex County has had more disaster declarations than most other U.S. counties, from 1964 to 2016.

Law and government

From the founding of the Republican Party until the New Deal, Essex County was a Republican stronghold in presidential elections. Since 1936, it has trended Democratic, with Dwight Eisenhower in 1952 and 1956 and Ronald Reagan in 1980 and 1984 being the only Republicans to carry the county since.

Like several other Massachusetts counties, Essex County exists today only as a historical geographic region, and has no county government. All former county functions were assumed by state agencies in 1999. The sheriff (currently Kevin Coppinger), district attorney (currently Paul Tucker), and some other regional officials with specific duties are still elected locally to perform duties within the county region, but there is no county council, commissioner, or county employees. Communities are now granted the right to form their own regional compacts for sharing services.

District attorneys of Essex County	District attorney	Term
Joseph Story	1807–1809
Asa Andrew	1809–1811
David Cummings	1811–1813
Samuel Putnam	1813–1814
John Pickering	1814–1824
Stephen Minot	1824–1830
Asahel Huntington	1830–1846
Albert H. Nelson	1846–1848
Asahel Huntington	1848–1851
Stephen Henry Phillips	1851–1853
Alfred A. Albert	1853–1869
Edgar J. Sherman	1869–1883
Henry P. Moulton	1883–1884
Henry F. Hurlburt	1884–1890
William Henry Moody	1890–1896
Alden P. White	1896–1899
W. Scott Peters	1899–1911
Henry Converse Atwill	1911–1915
Michael A. Sullivan	1915–1916
Louis Cox	1916–1918
Henry Gordon Wells	1918–1920
S. Howard Donnell	1920–1923
William G. Clark	1923–1931
Hugh Cregg	1931–1959
John P. S. Burke	1959–1979
Kevin M. Burke	1979–2003
Jonathan W. Blodgett	2003–2023
Paul Tucker	2023–present

Geography

Essex County is roughly diamond-shaped and occupies the northeastern corner of the state of Massachusetts.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 828 sqmi, of which 493 sqmi is land and 336 sqmi (41%) is water. Essex County is adjacent to Rockingham County, New Hampshire to the north, the Atlantic Ocean (specifically the Gulf of Maine and Massachusetts Bay) to the east, Suffolk County to the south, Middlesex County to the west and a very small portion of Hillsborough County, New Hampshire to the far north west in Methuen. All county land is incorporated into towns or cities.

Essex County includes the North Shore, Cape Ann, and the lower portions of the Merrimack Valley.

Adjacent Counties

• Middlesex County (west)

• Suffolk County (south)

• Hillsborough County, New Hampshire (northwest)

• Rockingham County, New Hampshire (north)

Transportation

These routes pass through Essex County:

, in Methuen and Andover
, about twenty-five miles between Lynnfield through Salisbury
, from Andover to Salisbury through Lawrence and Haverhill
, between I-95 and Route 1A, close to the coast
, along the coast
, in Beverly and Essex
, in Methuen and Andover
, in Peabody and Danvers
, from Middleton to Beverly
, from Methuen to Beverly
, in Saugus
, from Saugus to Beverly
, in Haverhill
, from Methuen to Salisbury through Lawrence and Haverhill
, from Methuen to Newburyport through Haverhill
, from Lawrence to Marblehead through Middleton
, from Andover to Haverhill
, from Beverly to Gloucester
, at the tip of Cape Ann
, Lynnfield through Cape Ann
, from Lynnfield to Marblehead
, in Lynn
, from Andover to Gloucester
, in Amesbury
, in Methuen
, in Salisbury

The Lawrence Municipal Airport and Beverly Municipal Airport are regional airports within the county; the nearest commercial airports are Logan Airport in Boston and Manchester-Boston Regional Airport in Manchester, NH.

The MBTA commuter rail has two lines operating in Essex County: the Haverhill Line and the Newburyport Line, both of which go toward Boston. Close to Boston, MBTA buses also exist. The MVRTA is a bus company that connects cities within the Merrimack Valley portion of Essex County.

National protected areas

Because of Essex County's rich history, which includes 17th century colonial history, maritime history spanning its existence, and leadership in the expansions of the textile industry in the 19th century, the entire county has been designated the Essex National Heritage Area by the National Park Service.

The following areas of national significance have also been preserved:

Parker River National Wildlife Refuge
Salem Maritime National Historic Site
Saugus Iron Works National Historic Site
Thacher Island National Wildlife Refuge

Demographics

| align-fn = center 1790–1960 1900–1990 1990–2000 2010–2019

2020 census

As of the 2020 census, the county had a population of 809,829. Of the residents, 20.9% were under the age of 18 and 18.2% were 65 years of age or older; the median age was 41.4 years. For every 100 females there were 92.2 males, and for every 100 females age 18 and over there were 89.1 males. 94.8% of residents lived in urban areas and 5.2% lived in rural areas.

The racial makeup of the county was 68.9% White, 4.1% Black or African American, 0.5% American Indian and Alaska Native, 3.7% Asian, 0.0% Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander, 13.4% from some other race, and 9.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race comprised 22.6% of the population.

There were 309,030 households in the county, of which 30.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them and 29.9% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present. About 27.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.

There were 327,185 housing units, of which 5.5% were vacant. Among occupied housing units, 62.5% were owner-occupied and 37.5% were renter-occupied. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0.8% and the rental vacancy rate was 4.1%.

Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic)	title=P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Essex County, Massachusetts	url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALSF12000.P004?q=P004:+HISPANIC+OR+LATINO,+AND+NOT+HISPANIC+OR+LATINO+BY+RACE+[73]&g=050XX00US25009	publisher=United States Census Bureau	access-date= }}
White alone (NH)	601,340	565,035	536,424	83.12%
Black or African American alone (NH)	14,399	19,566	27,081	1.99%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH)	964	915	782	0.13%
Asian alone (NH)	16,737	22,864	29,302	2.31%
Pacific Islander alone (NH)	155	161	130	0.02%
Other race alone (NH)	1,330	2,552	6,788	0.18%
Mixed race or Multiracial (NH)	8,623	9,321	26,475	1.19%
Hispanic or Latino (any race)	79,871	122,745	182,847	11.04%
Total	723,419	743,159	809,829	100.00%

2010 census

As of the 2010 United States census, there were 743,159 people, 285,956 households, and 188,005 families residing in the county. The population density was 1,508.8 PD/sqmi. There were 306,754 housing units at an average density of 622.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the county was 81.9% White, 3.8% Black or African American, 3.1% Asian, 0.4% American Indian, 8.2% from other races, and 2.6% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 16.5% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 23.3% were Irish, 17.1% were Italian, 12.6% were English, 6.1% were German, and 3.6% were American.

Of the 285,956 households, 32.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.9% were married couples living together, 13.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 34.3% were non-families, and 28.1% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.14. The median age was 40.4 years.

The median income for a household in the county was $64,153 and the median income for a family was $81,173. Males had a median income of $58,258 versus $44,265 for females. The per capita income for the county was $33,828. About 7.7% of families and 10.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.3% of those under age 18 and 9.4% of those age 65 or over.

Demographic breakdown by town

Income

The ranking of unincorporated communities that are included on the list are reflective if the census designated locations and villages were included as cities or towns. Data is from the 2007-2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.

Rank	Town	Per capita
income	Median
household
income	Median
family
income	Population	Number of
households
1	Newburyport	City	$70,678	$134,508	$151,213	18,202
1	Manchester-by-the-Sea	Town	$69,930	$114,639	$131,136	5,137
2	Boxford	Town	$67,601	$137,159	$145,691	7,950
	Boxford	CDP	$65,327	$112,656	$121,000	2,406
3	Marblehead	Town	$55,778	$99,574	$122,679	19,811
4	Wenham	Town	$55,054	$139,856	$159,688	4,831
	Topsfield	CDP	$53,247	$116,667	$125,156	2,788
5	West Newbury	Town	$52,882	$104,931	$123,237	4,222
6	Andover	Town	$52,404	$113,936	$142,413	32,945
7	Nahant	Town	$51,308	$77,243	$134,875	3,420
8	Topsfield	Town	$50,689	$116,122	$122,794	6,075
9	Swampscott	Town	$48,013	$90,148	$108,004	13,826
10	North Andover	Town	$47,092	$95,199	$121,563	28,156
11	Newburyport	City	$46,327	$80,861	$117,305	18,202
12	Lynnfield	Town	$44,969	$101,921	$115,726	11,548
13	Newbury	Town	$44,349	$89,107	$120,870	6,647
	Essex	CDP	$43,589	$77,188	$121,343	1,581
14	Rockport	Town	$43,201	$71,447	$98,587	7,021
15	Georgetown	Town	$42,683	$106,765	$125,417	8,083
16	Ipswich	Town	$42,494	$84,609	$100,000	13,127
	Andover	CDP	$41,811	$72,440	$105,000	8,799
17	Amesbury	City	$41,142	$79,293	$94,946	16,267
18	Essex	Town	$40,213	$79,492	$115,048	3,470
	Rowley	CDP	$39,483	$69,243	$75,481	1,370
19	Danvers	Town	$39,067	$78,593	$98,723	26,303
20	Rowley	Town	$38,592	$79,449	$103,197	5,815
21	Hamilton	Town	$38,157	$103,774	$113,000	7,809
22	Groveland	Town	$37,173	$91,080	$100,972	6,401
23	Beverly	City	$36,889	$67,733	$90,672	39,455
	Salisbury	CDP	$36,812	$65,205	$77,119	4,735
	Ipswich	CDP	$36,687	$70,970	$86,397	3,951
24	Merrimac	Town	$36,643	$76,936	$90,812	6,297
25	Middleton	Town	$36,194	$93,415	$100,288	8,839
	Rockport	CDP	$36,099	$56,250	$97,241	4,952
26	Gloucester	City	$35,080	$59,061	$76,610	28,869
	Massachusetts	State	$35,051	$65,981	$83,371	6,512,227
	Essex County	County	$34,858	$65,785	$83,047	739,505
27	Salisbury	Town	$34,755	$68,194	$82,353	8,212
28	Saugus	Town	$34,076	$75,258	$93,125	26,516
29	Peabody	City	$32,442	$65,471	$80,859	50,824
30	Salem	City	$30,961	$56,203	$64,769	41,163
31	Haverhill	City	$30,574	$60,611	$76,754	60,544
32	Methuen	City	$29,778	$65,799	$81,190	46,785
	United States	Country	$27,915	$52,762	$64,293	306,603,772
33	Lynn	City	$22,190	$44,367	$51,384	90,006
34	Lawrence	City	$17,068	$31,478	$35,606	75,761

Politics

Voter registration

Voter registration and party enrollment as of February 2024	Total
	Unenrolled
	Democratic
	Republican
	Libertarian
	Other parties

Education

Essex County is home to numerous libraries and schools, both public and private.

School districts

School districts include:

K-12:

Amesbury Public Schools
Andover Public Schools
Beverly School District
Danvers School District
Georgetown School District
Gloucester School District
Hamilton-Wenham School District
Haverhill School District
Ipswich School District
Lawrence School District
Lynn Public Schools
Lynnfield School District
Manchester Essex Regional School District
Marblehead Public Schools
Methuen School District
Newburyport School District
North Andover School District
Peabody Public Schools
Pentucket Regional School District
Rockport School District
Salem School District
Saugus Public Schools
Swampscott School District - Covers PK-12 except in Nahant, where it covers grades 7-12 only
Triton School District

Secondary:

Masconomet School District

Elementary:

Boxford School District
Middleton School District
Nahant School District
Topsfield School District

Secondary education

Public schools

Amesbury High School serves Amesbury and South Hampton, New Hampshire
Andover High School
Beverly High School
Danvers High School
Georgetown High School
Gloucester High School
Hamilton-Wenham Regional High School
Haverhill High School
Ipswich High School
Lawrence High School
Lynn Classical High School
Lynn English High School
Lynnfield High School
Manchester Essex Regional High School
Marblehead High School
Masconomet Regional High School, serves Topsfield, Boxford and Middleton
Methuen High School
Miles River Middle School
Newburyport High School
North Andover High School
Northshore Academy
Peabody Veterans Memorial High School
Pentucket Regional High School, serves Groveland, Merrimac and West Newbury
Rockport High School
Salem High School
Saugus High School
Swampscott High School, serves Swampscott and Nahant
Triton Regional High School, serves Newbury, Rowley and Salisbury
Walnut Square Elementary School, in Haverhill is known for its history and clocktower.

Technical schools

Essex Agricultural and Technical High School
Greater Lawrence Technical School
Lynn Vocational and Technical Institute
North Shore Technical High School
Whittier Regional Vocational Technical High School

Private schools

Academy at Penguin Hall
Bishop Fenwick High School
Bradford Christian Academy
Brooks School
Central Catholic High School
The Clark School (Rowley, Massachusetts)
The Governor's Academy
Glen Urquhart School
Phillips Academy
Pingree School
Presentation of Mary Academy
Shore Country Day School
St. John's Preparatory School
St. Mary's High School
The Waring School

Higher education

Endicott College
Gordon College
Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary
Marian Court College - Now closed
Massachusetts School of Law
Merrimack College
Montserrat College of Art
North Shore Community College
Northern Essex Community College
Northpoint Bible College
Salem State University

Libraries

Merrimack Valley Library Consortium - Northern Essex and Middlesex County Libraries
North of Boston Library Exchange - Southern Essex and Middlesex County Libraries

Economy

Employment

As of 2015, the county had total employment of 282,412.

Banking

Based on deposits in the county, the five largest banks are TD Bank, N.A., Salem Five Cents Bank, Institution for Savings, Bank of America, and Eastern Bank.

Essex National Heritage Area

On November 12, 1996, Essex National Heritage Area (ENHA) was authorized by Congress. The heritage area consists of all of Essex County, MA a 500 sqmi area between the Atlantic Coast and the Merrimack Valley. The area includes 34 cities and towns; two National Historic Sites (Salem Maritime National Historic Site and Saugus Iron Works National Historic Site); and thousands of historic sites and districts that illuminate colonial settlement, the development of the shoe and textile industries, and the growth and decline of the maritime industries, including fishing, privateering, and the China trade. The Essex National Heritage Area is one of 49 heritage areas designated by Congress, affiliated with the National Park Service.

The Essex National Heritage Commission is a non-profit organization chartered to promote tourism and cultural awareness of the area, connecting people to the places of Essex County, MA. The commission's mission is to promote and preserve the historic, cultural and natural resources of the ENHA by rallying community support around saving the character of the area. This is accomplished through the commission's projects and programs, which include Partnership Grant Program, Explorers membership program, photo safaris, and the annual September weekend event Trails & Sails, as well as other important regional partnership building projects like the Essex Heritage Scenic Byway, and the Border to Boston trail.

Communities

The towns and cities of Essex County are listed below.

Cities

Amesbury
Beverly
Gloucester
Haverhill
Lawrence (traditional county seat)
Lynn
Methuen
Newburyport
Peabody
Salem (traditional county seat)

Towns

Andover
Boxford
Danvers (Salem Village)
Essex
Georgetown
Groveland
Hamilton
Ipswich
Lynnfield
Manchester-by-the-Sea
Marblehead
Merrimac
Middleton
Nahant
Newbury
North Andover
Rockport
Rowley
Salisbury
Saugus
Swampscott
Topsfield
Wenham
West Newbury

Census-designated places

Andover
Boxford
Essex
Ipswich
Rockport
Rowley
Salisbury
Topsfield

Other villages

Asbury Grove
Annisquam
Ballardvale
Beverly Farms
Bradford
Byfield
Clifton
Dogtown
Magnolia
Merrimacport
Rocks Village
Plum Island
Prides Crossing
Salem Willows

Notes

References

Hurd, Duane Hamilton. History of Essex County, Massachusetts: With Biographical Sketches of Many Pioneers and Prominent Men. Volume 1. Volume 2 Published 1888 by J.W. Lewis and Co.
Newhall, James Robinson. The Essex Memorial, for 1836: Embracing a Register of the County. Published 1836.
Lewis, Alonzo and James Robinson Newhall. History of Lynn, Essex County, Massachusetts: Including Lynnfield,Saugus, Swampscott and Nahant.Published 1865 by John L. Shorey 13 Washington St. Lynn.
Perley, Sidney. The Essex Antiquarian. Volume 1 1897.Volume 3 1899.Volume 6 1902.Volume 8 1904
Various. Early Massachusetts Vital Records 1600–1849

References

"Essex County, Massachusetts".
"Census - Geography Profile: Essex County, Massachusetts". [[United States Census Bureau]].
Davis, William T. ''Bench and Bar of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts'', p. 44. The Boston History Company, 1895.
"Frequency of Disaster Declarations".
"Essex County, Massachusetts".
(1922). "Municipal History of Essex County in Massachusetts". Lewis Historical Publishing Company.
(December 2018). "United States Census Bureau QuickFacts: Essex County, Massachusetts }}{{Dead link". [[United States Census Bureau]].
"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2024". United States Census Bureau.
"U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau.
"Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library.
"Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau.
"Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000". United States Census Bureau.
"State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau.
(2023). "2020 Decennial Census Demographic and Housing Characteristics (DHC)".
(2021). "2020 Decennial Census Demographic Profile (DP1)".
(2021). "2020 Decennial Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171)".
"P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Essex County, Massachusetts". [[United States Census Bureau]].
"P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Essex County, Massachusetts".
"P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Essex County, Massachusetts".
"DP-1 Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data". [[United States Census Bureau]].
"Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County". [[United States Census Bureau]].
"DP02 Selected Social Characteristics in the United States – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". [[United States Census Bureau]].
"DP03 Selected Economic Characteristics – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". [[United States Census Bureau]].
"TIGER/Line Shapefile, 2020, State, Massachusetts, 2020 Census Block". U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, Geography Division, Spatial Data Collection and Products Branch (Point of Contact).
"Selected Economic Characteristics 2007-2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau.
"ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates 2007-2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau.
"Households and Families 2007-2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau.
Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections".
The leading "other" candidate, [[Progressive Party (United States, 1912). Progressive]] [[Theodore Roosevelt]], received 21,098 votes, while Socialist candidate [[Eugene V. Debs. Eugene Debs]] received 2,716 votes, [[Prohibition Party. Prohibition]] candidate [[Eugene W. Chafin. Eugene Chafin]] received 444 votes, and [[Socialist Labor Party of America. Socialist Labor]] candidate [[Arthur Reimer]] received 249 votes.
(February 24, 2024). "The Commonwealth of Massachusetts".
"2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Essex County, MA". [[U.S. Census Bureau]].
"Danvers High School".
[https://web.archive.org/web/20091116175235/http://www.lawrence.k12.ma.us/lhs/ Lawrence High School]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20110728034612/http://www.lynnfield.k12.ma.us/education/school/school.php?sectionid=3 Lynnfield High School]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20120915015754/http://highschool.swampscott.k12.ma.us/pages/index Swampscott High School]
[http://mvlc.org/ Merrimack Valley Library Consortium - Northern Essex and Middlesex County Libraries]
[http://www.noblenet.org/ North of Boston Library Exchange - Southern Essex and Middlesex County Libraries]
"Largest 200 Employers in Essex County". [[Massachusetts Executive Office of Labor and Workforce Development]].
"Deposit Market Share Report". [[Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation]].
''The National Parks: Index 2001-2003,'' Washington, D.C.: [[National Park Service]], p. 104.
[http://www.essexheritage.org/ Essex National Heritage Area]
[http://www.essexheritage.org/ts/ Trails & Sails]

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