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Endothall

Endothall (3,6-endoxohexahydrophthalic acid) is used as an herbicide for terrestrial and aquatic plants. It is used as an aquatic herbicide for submerged aquatic plants and algae in lakes, ponds and irrigation canals. It is used as a desiccant on potatoes, hops, cotton, clover and alfalfa. It is used as a biocide to control mollusks and algae in cooling towers.

Endothall is a selective contact herbicide that has been used to manage submerged aquatic vegetation for over 50 years. The herbicide damages the cells of susceptible plants at the point of contact but does not affect areas untouched by the herbicide, like roots or tubers (underground storage structures).

The chemical formula for endothall is C8H10O5. Its Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) name is 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid. It is an organic acid but is used as the dipotassium salt or the mono-N, N-dimethylalkylamine salt. It is considered safe in drinking water by the EPA up to a maximum contaminant level of 0.1 mg/L (100 ppb). Some people who drink water contaminated above this level for many years experience stomach or intestine problems.

Endothall is chemically related to cantharidin. Both compounds are protein phosphatase 2A inhibitors.

The disodium salt of Endothall is used clinically in China as an intravenous chemotherapeutic agent called "Disodium Norcantharidate Injection" (去甲斑蝥酸钠注射液).

Toxicity

There is limited data on human toxicity, although cases of lethal deliberate self-poisoning have been reported with as little as a mouthful of Endothall concentrate. Features of toxicity include corrosive injury to the oropharynx and gastrointestinal tract, metabolic acidosis, coagulopathy, and multi-organ failure.

References

  • http://www.apms.org/japm/vol08a/v8p50.pdf
  • http://dnr.wi.gov/lakes/plants/factsheets/EndothallFactsheet.pdf

References

  1. {{GESTIS
  2. [http://www.tompkinscountyny.gov/files/health/eh/water/hydrilla/Endothall-Public-Health-Flyer.pdf "Herbicides against Hydrilla"] {{Webarchive. link. (2017-02-07 . ''Tompkins County NY website''.)
  3. "Endothall FAQ".
  4. "Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Endothall". EPA.
  5. "Basic Information about Endothall in Drinking Water". EPA.
  6. (15 December 1992). "Cantharidin-binding protein: identification as protein phosphatase 2A.". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
  7. (20 July 2015). "Insights into the key interactions between human protein phosphatase 5 and cantharidin using molecular dynamics and site-directed mutagenesis bioassays". Scientific Reports.
  8. https://www.nmpa.gov.cn/wwwroot/sms3/081.htm
  9. (31 December 2024). "Two fatal cases of endothall poisoning". Toxicology Communications.
  10. (1988). "Delayed death by endothall, a herbicide". Veterinary and Human Toxicology.
  11. (1 March 1983). "Suicidal Poisoning by Endothall". Journal of Analytical Toxicology.
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herbicides dicarboxylic-acids ethers oxygen-heterocycles phosphatase-inhibitors group-31-herbicides
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