Elaeophora poeli

Discovery and nomenclature

This species was first described from Water buffalo in 1879, and named Filaria poeli. In 1912, it was transferred to the newly erected genus Elaeophora Railliet and Henry 1912. In 1938, a detailed redescription of E. poeli was published. In that study, E. poeli was determined to be the same animal that previous authors had referred to as Filaria blini and Filaria haemophila, both isolated from Water buffalo aortas.

Hosts and geographic distribution

E. poeli has been found in several species of cattle: African buffalo (Syncerus caffer), Carabao or Water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), and Zebu (Bos primigenius indicus). The geographic distribution of this species includes several Asian and African nations: Democratic Republic of Congo, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mozambique, the Philippines, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, and Vietnam.

Life cycle

The life cycle of E. poeli is not known. The adults usually live attached to the inner walls of the aorta. They make aneurysmal (i.e. bulging) nodules in the wall of the aorta, which can be up to 2 cm in diameter. The male lives curled up inside the nodule, while the female lives with its head in the nodule and its body free in the lumen (interior space) of the aorta. Presumably the female sheds the offspring (microfilariae) directly into the host's bloodstream. Adults have also been found in nodules on the epicardium of the heart.

Prevalence

The percentage of animals found to be infested in large-scale slaughterhouse studies range from 1.7% in Tanzanian Zebu (Bos primigenius indicus) to over 60% in Philippine Bubalus bubalis. A study of free-ranging buffalo in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda, yielded a 55% infestation rate.

Clinical significance

The nodules where the filariae reside (as described above) are aneurysms - bulges in the aorta wall - which could conceivably rupture. Corrugated and migratory tract lesions on the inner wall of the aorta and fibrin strands attached to the nodules have also been described. The latter study found narrowing of the aorta down to 1/3 of its usual diameter in some cases.

Despite the presence of nodules 2-cm in diameter on aorta walls and heart tissue, and narrowing of the aorta, almost all studies of E. poeli infestation mention a lack of obvious clinical symptoms in infested individuals. One study found a strong correlation between infestation and visceral pleurisy (inflammation of the membrane that surrounds the lungs).

References

References

1. Railliet, A. and A. Henry (1912) Nématodes vasculicoles des Bovins annamites." ''[[Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique]]'' 5(2):115-118.
2. Sandground, J.H. (1938) "Onchocerciasis in Africa and Central America. III. On the occurrence of ''Elaeophora poeli'' (Vryburg 1879) Railliet and Henry 1912 (Filariidae) in the African buffalo (''Syncerus caffer'') (Sparman) = ''Bubalus caffer''), with a description on its systematic relations." ''American Journal of Tropical Medicine'' Supplement 18(1):108-115.
3. Caragean and Marotel (1903) "Une nouvelle Filaire parasite du sang." ''[[Revue Générale de Médecine Vétérinaire]]'' 8:447-454.
4. Von Linstow, W. (1903) "Neue Helminthen." ''[[Centralblatt für Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, und Infektionskrankheiten. Erste Abteilung. Originale]]'' 35(3):352-357.
5. Tulloh, N.M. and J.H.G. Holmes (1992) ''Elaeophora poeli''. In: "Buffalo Production." Elsevier: Amsterdam. {{ISBN. 0-444-88076-3. pp. 344.
6. Bindernagel, J.A. (1971) [http://www.jwildlifedis.org/cgi/reprint/7/4/296.pdf ''Elaeophora poeli'' (Nematoda: Filarioidea) in African buffalo in Uganda, East Africa."] ''[[Journal of Wildlife Diseases]]'' 7(4):296-298.
7. Mtei, B.J. and H.J.N. Sanga (1990) "Aortic onchocercosis and elaeophorosis in traditional TSZ-cattle in Tabora (Tanzania): Prevalence and pathology." ''[[Veterinary Parasitology (journal). Veterinary Parasitology]]'' 36(1-2):165-170.
8. Mesina, J.E., Jr. and M.N. Novilla (1984) Occurrence of ''Elaeophora poeli'' (Vryburg, 1897) (Nematoda) in the Philippine water buffalo (''Bubalus bubalis'' Linn.)." ''[[Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington]]'' 51(2):342-343.
9. Sachs, R. (1976) "Filarien in Körperhöhlen, subkutanem Bindegewebe und anderen Organsystemen bei Wildherbivoren in Ostafrika." ''[[Erkrankungen der Zootiere]]'' 18:195-203.
10. Prasad, M.C. and N.P. Bhalla (1977) "Pathology of aortic elaeophorosis in Indian water buffaloes (''Bubalus bubalus''). "Indian Veterinary Journal" 54(2):97-101.
11. Mesina, J.E., Jr. and M.N. Novilla (1984) Occurrence of ''Elaeophora poeli'' (Vryburg, 1897) (Nematoda) in the Philippine water buffalo (''Bubalus bubalis'' Linn.)." ''Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington'' 51(2):342-343.
12. Ferreira, M.L.P., J.L.N. Petisca, and V. Jurasek (1983) Alguns aspectos de patogenia de ''Elaeophora poeli'' em búfalos (''Syncerus caffer'') em Moçambique / Some aspects of pathogenesis of ''Elaeophora poeli'' in buffaloes (''Syncerus caffer'') in Mozambique." ''Repositório de Trabalhos do Laboratôrio Nacional de Investigação Veterinária'' 15:11-16, 11 plates.