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Eicosatetraenoic acid

Eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA) designates any straight chain tetra-unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acid. These compound are classified as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The pure compounds, which are encountered rarely, are colorless oils. Two isomers, both of them as fatty acids, are of particular interest:

  • all-cis-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid is an ω-6 fatty acid with the trivial name arachidonic acid. It is formed by a desaturation of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA, 20:3 ω-6).
  • all-cis-8,11,14,17-eicosatetraenoic acid is an ω-3 fatty acid. It is an intermediate between stearidonic acid (18:4 ω-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 ω-3)

Some chemistry sources define 'arachadonic acid' to designate any of the eicosatetraenoic acids. However, almost all writings in biology, medicine, and nutrition limit the use of the term 'arachidonic acid' to all-cis-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (ω-6).

Precursors to eicosanoids

Eicosanoids, a diverse family of signaling molecules, are produced by oxygenation of polyunsaturated eicosatetraenoic acids. The eicosanoids, working in tandem, contribute to a lipid signaling complex widely responsible for inducing an inflammatory immune response. Common signs of inflammation are both internal and external, with effects like visible redness, pain in the surrounding area, swelling, and the sensation of heat—many of these an effect of varying eicosanoid species. These effects are associated with and have been observed in patients with cancers and various neurological/metabolic disorders.

References

References

  1. (August 2015). "Eicosanoid storm in infection and inflammation". Nature Reviews. Immunology.
  2. (2013). "Proinflammatory and immunoregulatory roles of eicosanoids in T cells". Frontiers in Immunology.
  3. (February 2024). ["Monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitors: modulators for lipid metabolism in cancer malignancy, neurological and metabolic disorders"](https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.wexler.hunter.cuny.edu/pubmed/32322464 }}{{Dead link). Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B.
  4. (June 2002). "Improvement of arthritic signs in dogs fed green-lipped mussel (''Perna canaliculus'')". The Journal of Nutrition.
  5. (September 2015). "Omega-3 eicosatetraenoic acid production by molecular breeding of the mutant strain S14 derived from ''Mortierella alpina'' 1S-4". Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering.
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