Economy of Afghanistan

Economic history

When Afghanistan was ruled by Emir Abdur Rahman Khan (1880–1901) and his son Habibullah Khan (1901–1919), a great deal of commerce was controlled by the government. These monarchs were eager to develop the stature of government and the country's military capability, and so attempted to raise money by the imposition of state monopolies on the sale of commodities and high taxes. This slowed the long-term development of Afghanistan during that period. Western technologies and manufacturing methods were introduced at the command of the Afghan ruler, but in general only according to the logistical requirements of the growing army. An emphasis was placed on the manufacture of weapons and other military material. This process was in the hands of a small number of foreign experts invited to Kabul by the Afghans. Otherwise, it was not possible for non-Afghans, particularly westerners, to set up large-scale enterprises in Afghanistan during that period.

In the post-independence period, Da Afghanistan Bank strongly financed the cultivation of cotton; at one point, the Spinzar Cotton Company in Kunduz Province was one of the largest providers of cotton in the world, most of which were exported to the Soviet Union. Fruits were mainly exported to British-controlled India (now Pakistan and India).

The first prominent plan to develop Afghanistan's economy in modern times was the Helmand Valley Authority project of 1952, modeled on the Tennessee Valley Authority in the United States, which was expected to be of primary economic importance. Glenn Foster, an American contractor working in Afghanistan in the 1950s, stated this about the Afghan people:

The same can be said today. Afghanistan began facing severe economic hardships after the 1979 Soviet invasion, which caused the permanent closure of all its border checkpoints with neighboring Iran and Pakistan. The civil war of the 1990s destroyed much of the country's limited infrastructure, and disrupted normal patterns of economic activity. Eventually, Afghanistan went from a traditional economy to a centrally planned economy up until 2002 when it was replaced by a free market economy. Gross domestic product has fallen substantially since the 1980s due to disruption of trade and transport as well as loss of labor and capital. Continuing internal strife severely hampered domestic efforts to rebuild the nation or provide ways for the international community to help.

According to the International Monetary Fund, the Afghan economy grew 20% in the fiscal year ending in March 2004, after expanding 30% in the previous 12 months. The growth was mainly attributed to United Nations assistance. Billions of dollars in international aid and remittences from expats had entered Afghanistan from 2002 to 2021. A GDP of $4 billion in fiscal year 2003 was recalculated by the IMF to $6.1 billion, after adding proceeds from opium production. Mean graduate pay was $0.56 per man-hour in 2010. The country is still striving to be self-sufficient in wheat, rice, poultry and dairy production.

The recent reestablishment of the Islamic Emirate led to temporary suspension of international development aid to Afghanistan. The World Bank and International Monetary Fund also halted payments during that period. In this regard, Hibatullah Akhundzada stated that "[t]he economy of a country is built when its people work together and do not rely on foreign aid[.]" The Biden administration froze about $9 billion in assets belonging to the Da Afghanistan Bank, which was intended to block the Islamic Emirate from accessing the money. The recent droughts, earthquakes and floods in the country have created further adverse economic situation for many residents. The Ministry of Finance has collected over $2 billion in 2022.

The GDP of Afghanistan is estimated to have dropped by 20% following the Islamic Emirate's return to power. Following this, after months of free-fall, the Afghan economy began stabilizing, as a result of restrictions on smuggled imports, limits on banking transactions, and UN aid. In 2023, the Afghan economy began seeing signs of revival. This has also been followed by stable exchange rates, low inflation, stable revenue collection, and the rise of trade in exports. In the third quarter of 2023, the Afghani rose to be the best performing currency in the world, climbing over 9% against the US dollar.

Agriculture

Agriculture remains Afghanistan's most important source of employment: 60-80 percent of Afghanistan's population works in this sector, although it accounts for less than a third of GDP due to insufficient irrigation, drought, lack of market access, and other structural impediments. Most Afghan farmers are primarily subsistence farmers.

Afghanistan produced in 2018:

• 3.6 million tons of wheat;
• 984 thousand tons of grape (18th largest world producer);
• 615 thousand tons of potato;
• 591 thousand tons of vegetable;
• 381 thousand tons of watermelon;
• 352 thousand tons of rice;
• 329 thousand tons of melon;
• 217 thousand tons of apple;
• 150 thousand tons of onion;
• 106 thousand tons of maize;
• 56 thousand tons of barley;
• 47 thousand tons of peach;

In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products.

Afghanistan produces around 1.5 million tons of fresh fruits annually, which could be increased significantly. It produces some of the finest fruits, especially pomegranates, grapes, melons, red apples, cherries and mulberries. Other fruits grown in the country include apricots, figs, kiwi, oranges, peaches, pears, persimmons, plums, and strawberries. Organic farming has always been widely practiced in Afghanistan than modern farming. Many of its citizens have recently turned to using greenhouses. There were about 5,000 greenhouses reported in 2017.

Afghanistan's northern and western provinces are known for pistachio cultivation. In recent years, farmers in the southern provinces began growing American pistachio trees. The provinces of Paktika, Paktia, Khost, Nangarhar, Nuristan and Kunduz are famous for pine nuts. The dried fruits basically grow in all provinces of Afghanistan, and they are not only sold locally but also exported to other countries.

The northern and central provinces are more famous for almond and walnut production. The Bamyan Province is the leader of superior potatoes, which produced 370,000 tons in 2020. Nangarhar, Laghman and Kunar are the only provinces in the country where major farming of grapefruits, lemons, limes, and oranges can be found. Nangarhar also has farms of dates, peanuts, olives, and sugarcane. Cultivation of these products have gradually spread to more provinces. Other agricultural products such as avocados, bananas, guavas, mangos and pineapples have recently been planted in the provinces of Balkh, Helmand, Laghman, Nangarhar, and Paktia.

Afghanistan is listed as the 54th largest vegetables producing country. Most of its vegetables are for domestic consumption and include beans, broccoli, cabbages, carrots, cauliflowers, chickpeas, coriander, corns, cucumbers, eggplants, leeks, lettuces, okras, onions, peppers, potatoes, pumpkins, radishes, rhubarb, spinach, tomatoes, turnips, and zucchinis. Wheat and cereal production is Afghanistan's traditional agricultural mainstay. The nation is nearing self-sufficiency in grain production. It requires an additional 2.33 million tons of wheat to become self-sufficient, which is predicted to be accomplished in the near future.

Livestock in Afghanistan mainly includes cattle, sheep, and goats. The country has around 15,000 poultry farms. Major poultry farming exists mainly in the warmer parts of the country.

Arable land in Afghanistan was reported to be over 7.5 million hectares. Wheat production had stood at 4.83 million metric tons in 2024, nurseries held 119,000 hectares of land, and grape production is at 615,000 tons. Cotton production has jumped to 500,000 tons. Around 3200 ha of farm land in Afghanistan is used to cultivate saffron, mostly in the west, north and south of the country. Sugarcane is currently grown on 1750 ha of land, and asafoetida on nearly 980 ha of land.

Forestry

These days up to 2.8% of Afghanistan is forested, which amounts to nearly 2000000 ha of the land. In 2010 it was about 2.1% (or 1350000 ha). It can be increased significanly by planting more trees, including in the non-rocky mountains that trap underground water. Some small steps have been taken in recent years in planting trees all across Afghanistan. Felling has been made illegal nationally.

Fishing

Afghanistan is landlocked with its citizens having no direct access to an ocean. The country has many lakes, ponds, reservoirs, rivers, springs, streams, etc., which make it a suitable climate for fish farming. Historically, fish constituted a smaller part of the Afghan diet because of the unavailability of modern fish farms. Fishing only took place in the lakes and rivers, particularly in the Amu, Helmand and Kabul rivers. Consumption of fish has increased sharply due to the establishment of thousands of fish farms. Over 7,000 new ones are being established in the coming years. The largest ones are at the national reservoirs, which supply fish eggs to smaller fish farms.

Trade and industry

Afghanistan's geographical location makes it economically secured. The Lapis Lazuli corridor connects Afghanistan with Turkmenistan and ultimately ends somewhere in Europe. Other such trade routes connect Afghanistan with neighboring Iran, Pakistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The country also has direct trade with China and India via air corridor. It has five international airports, which include: Kabul International Airport in the capital city; the Mawlana Jalaluddin Mohammad Balkhi International Airport in Mazar-i-Sharif; the Khwaja Abdullah Ansari International Airport in Herat; the Ahmad Shah Baba International Airport in Kandahar; and Khost International Airport in Khost. It also has many domestic airports. The major airlines of the country include Ariana Afghan Airlines and Kam Air. Its national rail network is slowly expanding to connect Central Asia with Pakistan and Iran. In addition to Central Asia, imported goods also enter by rail from neighboring Iran and China.

The Afghanistan–Pakistan Transit Trade Agreement (APTTA) allows Afghan and Pakistani cargo trucks to transit goods within both nations. This revised US-sponsored APTTA agreement also allows Afghan trucks to transport exports to India via Pakistan up to the Wagah crossing point. There are over a dozen official border crossing points all around Afghanistan. They include Abu Nasir Port in Farah Province, Ai-Khanoum in Takhar Province, Angur Ada in Paktika Province, Aqina in Faryab Province, Dand-aw-Patan in Paktia Province, Ghulam Khan in Khost Province, Hairatan in Balkh Province, Ishkashim in Badakhshan Province, Islam Qala in Herat Province, Sher Khan Bandar in Kunduz Province, Torghundi in Herat Province, Torkham in Nangarhar Province, Spin Boldak in Kandahar Province, and Zaranj in Nimruz Province. The country also has legal access to two major seaports in Pakistan, the Gwadar Port in Balochistan and the Port Qasim in Sindh. Afghanistan also has legal access to major seaports in Iran, which include the one in Bandar Abbas in the Persian Gulf and the Chabahar Port in the Gulf of Oman.

Natural resourcesAfghanistan is endowed with a wealth of natural resources, which include extensive deposits of barites, chromite, coal, copper, gold, gemstone, iron ore, lead, lithium, marble, natural gas, petroleum, salt, sulfur, talc, uranium, and zinc. Rare-earth elements can be found all over the country. It is estimated that Afghanistan has as much as 36 e9cuft of natural gas, 3.6 Goilbbl of oil and condensate reserves. Geologists also found indications of abundant deposits of colored stones and gemstones, including emerald, garnet, kunzite, lapis lazuli, peridot, ruby, sapphire, spinel, and tourmaline.

There are more than 5,000 factories operating in Afghanistan. Most are locally owned, while others involve foreign investors. They produce construction materials, furniture, household items, apparel, food, beverages, pharmaceutical products, etc. The country imports roughly $500 million of textile goods from other countries. It exported about $168 million worth of cotton in 2022. Afghan handwoven rugs are one of the most popular products for exportation. Other products include hand crafted antique replicas as well as leather and furs. Afghanistan is the third largest exporter of cashmere.

Afghanistan has at least $1 trillion in untapped mineral deposits. A memo from the Pentagon stated that Afghanistan could become the "Saudi Arabia of lithium". Some believe that the untapped minerals may be worth up to $3 trillion. The Khanashin carbonatites in the Helmand Province of the country have an estimated 1 million metric tonnes of rare earth elements.

Afghanistan currently has a copper mining deal with China Metallurgical Group Corporation, which involves the investment of $2.8 billion by China and an annual income of about $400 million to the Afghan government. The country's Ainak copper mine, located in Logar Province, is one of the biggest in the world. It is estimated to hold at least 11 million tonnes or US$33 billion worth of copper.

The previous Islamic Republic has signed a 30-year contract with investment group Centar and its operating company, Afghan Gold and Minerals Co., to explore and develop a copper mining operation in Balkhab District in Sar-e Pol Province, including a gold mining operation in Badakhshan Province. The copper contract involved a $56 million investment and the gold contract a $22 million investment.

The country's other treasure is the Hajigak iron mine, located 130 mi west of Kabul and is believed to hold an estimated 1.8 billion to 2 billion metric tons of the mineral used to make steel. The country also has a number of coal mines.

Afghanistan's important resource in the past has been natural gas, which was first tapped in 1967. During the 1980s, gas sales accounted for $300 million a year in export revenues (56% of the total). About 90% of these exports went to the Soviet Union to pay for imports and debts. However, during the withdrawal of Soviet troops in 1989, the natural gas fields were capped to prevent sabotage by criminals. Gas production has dropped from a high of 8.2 e6m3 per day in the 1980s to a low of about 600000 m3 in 2001. Production of natural gas was restored during the Karzai administration in 2010.

It is predicted that by pumping-out its own oil reserves, Afghanistan will no longer need to import oil products. Originally, the Karzai administration and China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) signed a contract for the development of three oil fields in the northern provinces of Sar-e Pol, Jowzjan and Faryab. It was later reported that CNPC began extracting 1.5 e6oilbbl of oil annually. In early 2023, the Xinjiang Central Asia Petroleum and Gas Company signed a similar contract with the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.

Economic development and recovery

Afghanistan embarked on a modest economic development program in the 1930s. The government founded banks; introduced paper money; established a university; expanded primary, secondary, and technical schools; and sent students abroad for education. In 1952 it created the Helmand Valley Authority to manage the economic development of the Helmand and Arghandab valleys through irrigation and land development, a scheme which remains one of the country's most important capital resources.

In 1956, the government promulgated the first in a long series of ambitious development plans. By the late 1970s, these had achieved only mixed results due to flaws in the planning process as well as inadequate funding and a shortage of the skilled managers and technicians needed for implementation. Afghanistan became a member of ECO, OIC, SAARC, and WTO. It has an observer status in the SCO.

Da Afghanistan Bank serves as the central bank of the nation. The "afghani" (AFN) is the national currency, which has an exchange rate of around 65 afghanis to 1 US dollar. There are about a dozen different banks operating in the country, including Afghanistan International Bank, Kabul Bank, Azizi Bank, Pashtany Bank, Standard Chartered Bank, and First Micro Finance Bank. Cash is still widely used for most transactions. A new law on private investment provides three to seven-year tax holidays to eligible companies and a four-year exemption from exports tariffs and duties. Improvements to the business-enabling environment have resulted in more than $1.5 billion in telecom investment and created more than 100,000 jobs since 2003.

Some of the ongoing national mega projects include the Qosh Tepa Canal, the TAPI gas pipeline, the CASA-1000 electricity line, the Afghanistan Ring Road modernization, and the New Kabul housing project. Other smaller housing projects include the Qatar Township in Kabul, Aino Mena in Kandahar and the Ghazi Amanullah Khan Town east of Jalalabad. Hundreds of similar projects are also found in Herat in the west, Mazar-e-Sharif in the north, Khost in the east, and in other cities.

After the Islamic Emirate returned to power, the country suffered from a major liquidity crisis and lack of banknotes. Because outside donors have severely cut funding to support Afghanistan's health, education, and other essential sectors, many Afghans lost their incomes. Under the assessment system of the World Food Programme (WFP), almost 20 million people suffered either level-3 “crisis” or level-4 “emergency” levels of food insecurity. The impact of the crisis on women and girls was especially severe. Officials under the Islamic Emirate continue to provide communication services to areas that lacked them. They collected 61 billion afghanis in tariffs in 2022, which increased to 76 billion in 2023. And they continue to attract foreign investors.

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Afghanistan

Tourism in Afghanistan was at its peak in 1977. Many foreign tourists visited Afghanistan, including from as far away as Europe and North America. After a long halt since 1978, it has restarted. Over 20,000 foreign tourists visit Afghanistan every year. As many as 371,000 Afghans have visited different parts of the country in 2022. Although the country is considered safe now, deadly attacks on tourists could not be ruled out. Certain foreign nationals have been strongly advised by their governments to avoid visiting Afghanistan.

Ariana, Flydubai and Kam Air all provide flight services between Dubai International Airport and Kabul International Airport. The city of Kabul has many guest houses and big hotels, such as the Kabul Grand Hotel, the Hotel Inter-Continental Kabul, the Kabul Taj Hotel, the Safi Landmark Hotel, and the Kabul Star Hotel. Guest houses and hotels are also available in other cities such Kandahar, Herat, Mazar-i-Sharif, Jalalabad, Bamyan and Fayezabad. For those wanting to travel by road, there are bus terminals with mosques, Afghan style restaurants and small shops in the major cities. These bus terminals are now being expanded and shifted to the outskirts of the cities.

The following are some of the notable places in Afghanistan that tourists visit:

• Badakhshan Province
  • Fayzabad
  • Ishkashim (border crossing between Afghanistan and Tajikistan)
  • Wakhan National Park in Wakhan District
• Balkh Province
  • Great Blue Mosque in Mazar-i-Sharif
  • Balkh (ancient town)
  • Hairatan (border crossing between Afghanistan and Uzbekistan)
• Bamyan Province
  • Band-e Amir National Park
  • Site of Buddhas of Bamyan
  • Zuhak
• Ghazni Province
  • Burial site of Al-Biruni
  • Burial site of Mahmud of Ghazni
  • Citadel of Ghazni
  • Jaghori District
  • Sarda Dam in Andar District
  • Sultan Dam in Jaghatu District
• Herat Province
  • Great Mosque of Herat
  • Herat Citadel
  • Islam Qala (border crossing between Afghanistan and Iran)
  • Pashdan Dam
  • Torghundi (border crossing between Afghanistan and Turkmenistan)
  • Salma Dam (Afghanistan-India Friendship Dam)
• Kabul Province
  • Chihil Sutun
  • Darulaman (Darul Aman Palace, Tajbeg Palace, Afghan Parliament, National Museum of Afghanistan, etc.)
  • Gardens of Babur
  • Paghman
  • Qargha Dam
  • Shahr-e Naw (Kabul City Center, Serena Hotel, Abdul Rahman Mosque, Shahr-e Naw Park, foreign embassies, etc.)
  • Wazir Akbar Khan (Arg, Kabul International Airport, foreign embassies, etc.)
• Kandahar Province
  • Ahmad Shah Durrani's historical house
  • Aino Mina (modern community with hotels, guest houses, restaurants, shops, parks, etc.)
  • Dahla Dam in Shah Wali Kot District
  • Chilzina Park
  • Mausoleum of Mirwais Hotak
  • Reg District (Sand District)
  • Shrine of the Cloak
  • Shrine of Baba Wali in Arghandab
• Nangarhar Province
  • Jalalabad
  • Ghazi Amanullah International Cricket Stadium (next to Ghazi Amanullah Khan Town)
  • Darunta Dam
• Nimruz Province
  • Zaranj
  • Kamal Khan Dam
• Nuristan Province
  • Nuristan National Park
  • Parun
• Panjshir Province
  • Bazarak
  • Panjshir Valley

National data

The following table shows the main economic indicators in 2002–2023. Inflation below 5% is in green.

Gross national saving: 22.7% of GDP (2017)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity): $82.238 billion (2023 est.)

country comparison to the world: 104

Real GDP growth rate: 4.3% (2025 est.)

comparison ranking: 143

Real GDP per capita: $2,000 (2023 est.)

comparison ranking: 205

GDP (official exchange rate): $17.152 billion (2023 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices): -6.6% (2024 est.)

comparison ranking: 1

GDP - composition, by sector of origin:

• agriculture: 34.7% (2023)
• industry: 13.4% (2023)
• services: 46.4% (2023)

GDP - composition, by end use:

• household consumption: 98.1% (2023)
• government consumption: 21.2% (2023)
• investment in fixed capital: 15.2% (2023)
• investment in inventories: 0.1% (2023)
• exports of goods and services: 16.9% (2023)
• imports of goods and services: -50.7% (2023)

country comparison to the world:

Agricultural products: wheat, milk, grapes, watermelons, potatoes, cantaloupes/melons, vegetables, rice, onions, maize (2023)

Industries: small-scale production of bricks, textiles, soap, furniture, shoes, fertilizer, apparel, food-products, non-alcoholic beverages, mineral water, cement; handwoven carpets; natural gas, coal, copper

Industrial production growth rate: 1.8% (2023)

country comparison to the world: 104

Labor force: 9.133 million (2024)

country comparison to the world: 58

Unemployment rate: 13.3% (2024)

country comparison to the world: 168

Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 44.3%, industry 18.1%, services 37.6% (2017)

Population below poverty line: 48% (2024)

Remittances: 1.9% of GDP (2023 est.)

Budget:

• revenues: $9.093 billion (2017 est.)
• expenditures: $7.411 billion (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 9.9% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 131

Exports: $2 billion (2022)

country comparison to the world: 164

Exports - commodities: coal, grapes, tropical fruits, gum resins, other nuts (2023)

Exports - partners: Pakistan 42%, India 40%, China 4%, UAE 2%, Turkey 2% (2023)

Imports: $7 billion (2022)

country comparison to the world: 125

Imports - commodities: wheat flours, tobacco, palm oil, broadcasting equipment, synthetic fabric (2023)

Imports - partners: United Arab Emirates 28%, Pakistan 15%, China 15%, Uzbekistan 12%, Kazakhstan 9% (2023)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $9.749 billion (2020)

country comparison to the world: 79

Current account balance: $1.014 billion (2017)

country comparison to the world: 49

Currency: Afghani (AFN)

Exchange rates: 67 afghanis to 1 US dollar (2023)

Fiscal year: 21 December - 20 December

Energy in Afghanistan

Main article: Energy in Afghanistan

Energy in Afghanistan is provided by hydropower followed by fossil fuel and solar power. The nation currently generates over 600 megawatts (MW) of electricity from its several hydroelectric plants as well as using fossil fuel and solar panels. Over 720 MW is imported from neighboring Iran, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Coal, petrolium and natural gas are also used to produce electricity, and the CASA-1000 is expected to add another 300 MW of electricity to the national grid. Due to the large influx of Afghan expats from Iran, Pakistan and other countries, Afghanistan may require as much as 10,000 MW of electricity in the future.

Da Afghanistan Breshna Sherkat (DABS) is the national electricity provider. It charges customers 2.5 afghanis per kw in Kabul Province, 4 afghanis in Herat Province, and around 6 afghanis in Balkh Province. In certain remote areas private companies may provide electricity to villagers by charging them different prices.

Renewable energy alternatives, such as wind and solar energy, has been identified as a high value power source for the future. Afghanistan has the potential to produce over 222,000 MW of electricity by using solar panels. The country also has the potential to produce over 66,000 MW of electricity by using wind turbines. A number of major solar and wind farms exist in the country, with more under development.

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130. (August 18, 2023). "Delawar: 90% of Panjshir mining revenues to be used in reconstruction of the province". Ariana News.
131. (24 September 2025). "$60 Million Investment Launches Ten New Factories in Herat". TOLOnews.
132. (1 May 2025). "Zahid: 160,000 Acres of Land Allocated for Industrial Parks in Afghanistan". TOLOnews.
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134. (March 15, 2023). "Factory in Kandahar to produce 3,600 tons of cement daily: minister". Ariana News.
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156. (July 5, 2022). "Taliban Wage War Over Coal in Northern Afghanistan". Foreign Policy.
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158. (15 January 2012). "Gas well inaugurated in Shiberghan". Pajhwok Afghan News.
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164. (December 28, 2011). "UPDATE 1-Afghanistan signs major oil deal with China's CNPC". Associated Press.
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166. (January 5, 2023). "IEA signs Amu River basin oil extraction contract with Chinese company". Ariana News.
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171. (3 November 2025). "350 Residential Townships Registered Nationwide". TOLOnews.
172. (9 November 2022). "Newly-printed afghani banknotes reach Kabul". Pajhwok Afghan News.
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174. (27 November 2025). "10 new telecom sites activated in Daikundi after Pajhwok report". Pajhwok Afghan News.
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178. (28 November 2025). "Afghanistan, Russia Explore Agricultural Cooperation, Export Opportunities". TOLOnews.
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183. (1 September 2022). "350 new tourism companies granted license last year". Pajhwok Afghan News.
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193. "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects".
194. Based on the [[IMF]] data. If no data was available for a country from IMF, data from the [[World Bank]] is used.
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211. (25 July 2023). "DABS Says It Collected 37 Billion Afs in Past Year". TOLOnews.
212. (16 January 2023). "Balkh residents complain about high electricity tariffs". Pajhwok Afghan News.
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214. (January 26, 2024). "Harnessing the sun to power Afghanistan's development". UNDP.
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