Dryandra ser. Niveae

According to Bentham

Bentham's definition of D. ser. Niveae was "Flowering stems from a creeping trunk very short, with one or few ovoid flower-heads surrounded by long floral leaves. Leaves pinnate with numerous rigid segments white underneath except in D. nana." Four species were included; the placement and circumscription of the series may be summarised as follows:

:Dryandra (now Banksia ser. Dryandra) ::D. sect. Eudryandra :::D. ser. Armatæ (7 species) :::D. ser. Floribundæ (5 species, 2 varieties) :::D. ser. Concinnæ (4 species) :::D. ser. Formosæ (5 species) :::D. ser. Niveae ::::D. nivea (now B. nivea) ::::D. arctotidis (now B. arctotidis) :::::D. arctotidis var. tortifolia (now B. tortifolia) ::::D. nana (now B. nana) ::::D. Preissii (now B. acuminata) :::D. ser. Obvallatæ (12 species) :::D. ser. Gymnocephalæ (3 species) ::D. sect. Aphragma (7 species, 2 varieties)

According to George

With the passage of time following the publication of Bentham's arrangement, D. ser. Niveae was gradually abandoned. As the flowers and fruit are highly similar across all species in the series, it is difficult to distinguish individual species. For this reason the name Dryandra nivea began to be used in a broad sense, to refer to the entire group, and the other species names fell into disuse.

When Alex George published his revision of Dryandra in 1996, he recognised that there were several taxa in the series, and that these could be distinguished by their leaf shape. He resurrected a number of abandoned names, and published some new species and varieties. A new circumscription was given for the series: essentially the series was defined as containing those species in which the flowers of a flower head form a circle about a central hole.

George's placement and circumscription of D. ser. Niveae, as amended in 1999 and 2005, may be summarised as follows: :Dryandra (now Banksia ser. Dryandra) ::D. subg. Dryandra :::D. ser. Floribundae (1 species, 4 varieties) :::D. ser. Armatae (21 species, 7 subspecies, 4 varieties) :::D. ser. Marginatae (1 species) :::D. ser. Folliculosae (1 species, 5 varieties) :::D. ser. Acrodontae (4 species, 2 varieties) :::D. ser. Capitellatae (2 species, 2 subspecies) :::D. ser. Ilicinae (3 species, 2 varieties) :::D. ser. Dryandra (3 species, 2 subspecies) :::D. ser. Foliosae (3 species, 2 subspecies) :::D. ser. Decurrentes (1 species) :::D. ser. Tenuifoliae (2 species, 2 varieties) :::D. ser. Runcinatae (4 species, 7 subspecies) :::D. ser. Triangulares (3 species, 3 subspecies) :::D. ser. Aphragma (9 species, 3 subspecies) :::D. ser. Ionthocarpae (1 species, 2 subspecies) :::D. ser. Inusitatae (1 species) :::D. ser. Subulatae (1 species) :::D. ser. Gymnocephalae (11 species, 4 subspecies, 2 varieties) :::D. ser. Plumosae (3 species, 2 subspecies) :::D. ser. Concinnae (3 species) :::D. ser. Obvallatae (7 species, 2 varieties) :::D. ser. Pectinatae (1 species) :::D. ser. Acuminatae (1 species) :::D. ser. Niveae ::::D. arctotidis (now B. arctotidis) ::::D. tortifolia (now B. tortifolia) ::::D. stenoprion (now B. stenoprion) ::::D. cypholoba (now B. cypholoba) ::::D. lindleyana (now B. dallanneyi) :::::D. lindleyana subsp. lindleyana (now B. dallanneyi subsp. dallanneyi) :::::D. lindleyana subsp. pollosta (now B. dallanneyi subsp. pollosta) :::::D. lindleyana subsp. media (now B. dallanneyi subsp. media) :::::D. lindleyana subsp. agricola (now B. dallanneyi subsp. agricola) :::::D. lindleyana subsp. sylvestris (now B. dallanneyi subsp. sylvestris) ::::D. brownii (now B. brunnea) ::::D. nivea (now B. nivea) :::::D. nivea subsp. nivea (now B. nivea subsp. nivea) :::::D. nivea subsp. uliginosa (now B. nivea subsp. uliginosa) ::D. subg. Hemiclidia (2 species) ::D. subg. Diplophragma (1 species)

Recent developments

Since 1998, Austin Mast has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for the subtribe Banksiinae. His analyses have provided compelling evidence of the paraphyly of Banksia with respect to Dryandra; that is, it seems that Dryandra arose from within the ranks of Banksia. Early in 2007, Mast and Kevin Thiele initiated a rearrangement of Banksia by sinking Dryandra into it as B. ser. Dryandra. This transfer necessitated the setting aside of George's infrageneric arrangement of Dryandra; thus D. ser. Niveae is no longer current. Mast and Thiele have foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra is complete.

References

References

1. [[George Bentham. (1870). "Dryandra". L. Reeve & Co..
2. George, Alex. (1996). "New taxa and a new infrageneric classification in ''Dryandra'' R.Br. (Proteaceae: Grevilleoideae)". [[Nuytsia (journal).
3. George, Alex S.. (1999). "Dryandra". CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study.
4. George, A. S.. (2005). "Further new taxa in ''Dryandra'' R.Br. (Proteaceae: Grevilleoideae)". [[Nuytsia (journal).
5. Mast, Austin R.. (1998). "Molecular systematics of subtribe Banksiinae (''Banksia'' and ''Dryandra''; Proteaceae) based on cpDNA and nrDNA sequence data: implications for taxonomy and biogeography". Australian Systematic Botany.
6. (2002). "Historical biogeography and the origin of stomatal distributions in ''Banksia'' and ''Dryandra'' (Proteaceae) based on Their cpDNA phylogeny". [[American Journal of Botany]].
7. Mast, Austin R., Eric H. Jones and Shawn P. Havery. (2005). "An assessment of old and new DNA sequence evidence for the paraphyly of ''Banksia'' with respect to ''Dryandra'' (Proteaceae)". CSIRO Publishing / Australian Systematic Botany Society.
8. (2007). "The transfer of ''Dryandra'' R.Br. to ''Banksia'' L.f. (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany.