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DIN 31635
Transliteration of the Arabic alphabet
Transliteration of the Arabic alphabet
DIN 31635 is a Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN) standard for the transliteration of the Arabic alphabet adopted in 1982. It is based on the rules of the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft (DMG) as modified by the International Orientalist Congress 1935 in Rome. The most important differences from English-based systems were doing away with j, because it stood for in the English-speaking world and for in the German-speaking world and the entire absence of digraphs like th, dh, kh, gh, sh. Its acceptance relies less on its official status than on its elegance (one sign for each Arabic letter) and the Geschichte der arabischen Literatur manuscript catalogue of Carl Brockelmann and the dictionary of Hans Wehr. Today it is used in most German-language publications of Arabic and Islamic studies.
Along with rules for the Arabic language, it also includes transliteration standards for Ottoman Turkish, Persian, Kurdish, Urdu, and Pashto.
Table
The 28 letters:
Rules
The ar (ar, ar and ar) are transliterated as ar, ar and ar. A ar results in a geminate (consonant written twice). The article is written with the sun letters assimilated.
An ar marking is transliterated as ar. The letter (ﺓ) ar is transliterated as word-final ar normally, or ar in a word in the construct state.
ar has many variants, أ إ ء ئ ؤ; depending on its position, all of them are transliterated as . The initial ar (ا) without a ar is not transliterated using ar initially, only the initial vowel is transliterated (if pronounced): ar.
(ﻯ) ar appears as ar, transliterating it indistinguishable from ar. Long vowels and are transliterated as ar and ar. The ar suffix appears as ar although the former is normally transliterated as ar, and nunation is ignored in transliteration. A hyphen ar is used to separate clitics (the article, the prepositions and the conjunction) from words to which they are attached.
The Eastern Arabic numerals ({{lro}}٠ ١ ٢ ٣ ٤ ٥ ٦ ٧ ٨ ٩{{popdf}}) are rendered as western Arabic numerals (ar).
Notes
References
References
- In Egypt, Sudan and sometimes other regions, the final form is always {{lang. ar. [[ى]] (without dots).
- {{lang. ar. ى for final {{IPA. /-aː/ is also known as {{lang. ar. ألف لينة ''{{Transliteration. ar. DIN. ʾalif layyinah'' {{IPA. arz. ˈʔælef læjˈjenæ. "flexible ''{{Transliteration. ar. DIN. ʾalif''".
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