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Difluoride

The fluorite structure	Beryllium fluoride glass

Difluorides are chemical compounds with two fluorine atoms per molecule (or per formula unit).

Metal difluorides are all ionic. Despite being highly ionic, the alkaline earth metal difluorides generally have extremely high lattice stability and are thus insoluble in water. The exception is beryllium difluoride. In addition, many transition metal difluorides are water-soluble.

Calcium difluoride is a notable compound. In the form of the mineral fluorite it is the major source of commercial fluorine. It also has an eponymic crystal structure, which is an end member of the spectrum starting from bixbyite and progressing through pyrochlore.

List of the difluorides

Examples of the difluorides include:

Alkaline earth metal difluorides

The alkaline earth metals all exhibit the oxidation state +2, and form difluorides. The difluoride of radium is however not well established due to the element's high radioactivity.

Beryllium difluoride
Magnesium fluoride
Calcium fluoride
Strontium difluoride
Barium fluoride
Radium fluoride

:{| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Solubility-related constants of alkaline earth metal fluorides ! Metal

! M2+ HE ! F− HE ! "MF2" unit HE ! MF2 lattice energies (−kJ/mol) ! Solubility (mol/L) |- | Be | 2,455 | 458 | 3,371 | 3,526

25
Mg
1,922
458
2,838
2,978
0.0012
-
Ca
1,577
458
2,493
2,651
0.0002
-
Sr
1,415
458
2,331
2,513
0.0008
-
Ba
1,361
458
2,277
2,373
0.006
}

Lanthanide difluorides

Neodymium difluoride
Samarium difluoride
Europium difluoride
Dysprosium difluoride
Thulium difluoride
Ytterbium difluoride

Transition metal difluorides

Compounds of the form MF2:

Cadmium difluoride
Chromium(II) fluoride
Cobalt difluoride
Copper(II) fluoride
Iron(II) fluoride
Manganese(II) fluoride
Mercury difluoride
Nickel difluoride
Palladium difluoride
Platinum difluoride
Silver difluoride
Vanadium difluoride
Zinc difluoride

Post-transition metal difluorides

Lead difluoride
Tin(II) fluoride

Nonmetal and metalloid difluorides

Dinitrogen difluoride
Oxygen difluoride
Dioxygen difluoride
Selenoyl difluoride
Sulfur difluoride
Disulfur difluoride
Thionyl difluoride
Germanium difluoride

Noble gas difluorides

Helium difluoride (hypothetical)
Argon difluoride (predicted)
Krypton difluoride
Xenon difluoride
Radon difluoride

Bifluorides

The bifluorides contain the two fluorine atoms in a covalently bound HF2− polyatomic ion rather than as F− anions.

Ammonium bifluoride
Potassium bifluoride
Sodium bifluoride

Organic difluorides

Ethanedioyl difluoride
Ethylidene difluoride
Carbonyl difluoride
Carbon dibromide difluoride (dibromodifluoromethane)
Carbon dichloride difluoride (dichlorodifluormethane)
Methyl difluoride
Methylphosphonyl difluoride
Polyvinylidene difluoride

References

Bibliography

References

(1991). "Synthesis of Lanthanide and Actinide Compounds".
Georg Brauer: Handbuch der Präparativen Anorganischen Chemie. 3., umgearb. Auflage. Band I. Enke, Stuttgart 1975, {{ISBN. 3-432-02328-6, p. 255.
Wu, R. Q. [https://pubs.aip.org/aip/adv/article/14/8/085007/3306241/HeF2-and-ArF2-molecules-from-first-principles "HeF2 and ArF2 molecules from first-principles study"]

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