Deputy Prime Minister of Australia

History

Originally the position of deputy prime minister was an unofficial or honorary position accorded to the second-highest ranking minister in the government. The unofficial position acquired more significance following the 1922 federal election, which saw the governing Nationalist Party lose its parliamentary majority. The Nationalists eventually reached a coalition agreement with the Country Party, which called for Country Party leader Earle Page to take the second rank in the Nationalist-led ministry of Stanley Bruce. While Page's only official title was treasurer, he was considered as a deputy to Bruce.

Although no office of that name had officially been created, by 1946 the title "deputy prime minister" was being used in the Commonwealth of Australia Gazette.

From then until 1968, the Coalition agreement between the Liberals (and their predecessors) and Country Party called for the leader of the Country Party (subsequently the National Party) to rank second in Cabinet. That continues to be case when the Coalition is in government. In the case of Labor governments, the party's deputy leader ranks second in Cabinet.

On 19 December 1967, John McEwen, the long-serving leader of the Country Party in the Coalition government, was sworn in as interim prime minister following the sudden disappearance and presumed death of Prime Minister Harold Holt. There was discussion that deputy Liberal leader and Treasurer William McMahon should assume the office. McMahon had planned a party room meeting on 20 December to elect a new leader, intending to stand for the position himself. However, this was pre-empted by McEwen who publicly declared on the morning of 18 December that he would not serve in a McMahon government. McEwen was sworn in as prime minister on the understanding that his commission would continue only so long as it took for the Liberals to elect a new leader. Governor-General Lord Casey also accepted the view put to him by McEwen that to commission a Liberal temporarily as prime minister would give that person an unfair advantage in the forthcoming party room ballot for the permanent leader. McEwen's appointment was in keeping with the previous occasion when the main non-Labor party was without a leader; Earle Page of the Country Party was interim prime minister between 7 and 26 April 1939—the period between Joseph Lyons' sudden death and the United Australia Party naming Robert Menzies his successor.

The Liberal leadership ballot was rescheduled for 9 January 1968. As it turned out, McMahon did not stand, and Senator John Gorton was elected, replacing McEwen as prime minister on 10 January 1968. McEwen reverted to his previous status as the second-ranking member of the government, as per the Coalition agreement. He had unofficially been deputy prime minister since becoming Country Party leader in 1958, and since 1966 had exercised an effective veto over government policy by virtue of being the longest-serving member of the government; he had been a member of the Coalition frontbench without interruption since 1937. To acknowledge McEwen's long service and his status as the second-ranking member of the government, Gorton formally created the post of deputy prime minister, with McEwen as the first holder of the post. The position was vacant for 12 days in 1975 at the height of the Loans Affair; Jim Cairns had been dismissed from Cabinet on 2 July and had his office of deputy prime minister revoked by Gough Whitlam, but he remained deputy leader of the Labor Party until his successor, Frank Crean, was elected by Caucus on 14 July.

According to parliamentary records, in the time before the position of deputy prime minister was officially created, the position was known as "deputy leader of the Government."

Since 1968 only three deputy prime ministers have gone on to become prime minister, all of them are Labor Party's politicians: Paul Keating, Julia Gillard, and Anthony Albanese. Both Keating and Gillard succeeded incumbent prime ministers who lost the support of their party caucus mid-term. Meanwhile, Albanese who briefly served as deputy prime minister in 2013, later led the Labor party to victory at the 2022 Australian federal election, and was sworn-in as prime minister on 23 May 2022. Frank Forde, who had been deputy Labor leader when John Curtin died, was interim prime minister between 6 and 13 July 1945, when a leadership ballot took place that elected Ben Chifley as Curtin's successor.

In November 2007, when the Labor Party won government, Julia Gillard became Australia's first female, and first foreign-born, deputy prime minister.

In 2017, the position became vacant for a period of 40 days, the longest time in its history when it has been unoccupied. As part of the 2017–18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis, it emerged that the then-incumbent Barnaby Joyce was a citizen of New Zealand by descent (jus sanguinis – by right of blood) at the time of the 2016 federal election. Joyce told the House of Representatives that he was advised of his citizenship status on 10 August 2017 by the New Zealand High Commission and his renunciation of his dual citizenship became effective on 15 August 2017. Nevertheless, he asked for his case to be referred to the High Court of Australia (sitting as the Court of Disputed Returns) for adjudication, The government immediately issued writs for a by-election for the seat of New England to be held on 2 December 2017, which Joyce won easily.

In practice, only National party leaders or Labor Party deputy leaders have held the position.

Duties

The deputy prime minister has always been a member of the Cabinet, and has always held at least one substantive portfolio.

Succession

The deputy prime minister becomes acting prime minister if the prime minister is unable to undertake their role for a short time, for example if they are ill, overseas or on leave (and if both are unavailable, then another senior minister takes on this role). If the prime minister were to die, then the deputy prime minister would be appointed prime minister by the governor-general, until the government votes for another member to be its leader.

Salary

Members of parliament receive a base salary of $203,030, which is set by the Remuneration Tribunal (an independent statutory authority). Ministers receive an additional amount, which is determined by the government itself based on the recommendations of the Remuneration Tribunal. The deputy prime minister receives an additional 105 percent of the base salary, making for a total salary of $416,212. The holder of the office also receives various other allowances and entitlements.

List of deputy prime ministers of Australia

The following individuals have been officially appointed as deputy prime minister of Australia since the office of deputy prime minister was created as a ministerial portfolio in 1968:

Living former deputy prime ministers

As of , there are 11 living former deputy prime ministers of Australia, the oldest being Brian Howe (born 1936). The most recent former deputy prime minister to die was Doug Anthony (1971–72, 1975–83), on 20 December 2020. The most recent serving former deputy prime minister to die was Tim Fischer (1996–99), on 22 August 2019.

• Paul Keating (1990–91)
• Brian Howe (1991–95)
• Kim Beazley (1995–96)
• John Anderson (1999–05)
• Mark Vaile (2005–07)
• Julia Gillard (2007–10)
• Wayne Swan (2010–13)
• Anthony Albanese (2013)
• Warren Truss (2013–16)
• Barnaby Joyce (2016–18, 2021–22)
• Michael McCormack (2018–21)

List of assistant ministers to the deputy prime minister

The role of assistant minister to the deputy prime minister was created in the first Turnbull ministry in September 2015 where Michael McCormack was appointed as the inaugural officeholder under Warren Truss. The retirement of Truss saw Barnaby Joyce elected as leader of National Party and deputy prime minister and with it Keith Pitt's appointment. Luke Hartsuyker was appointed to the role as the start of Turnbull's second ministry serving until the reshuffle in December 2017 where Damian Drum took over. With Joyce's resignation in February 2018 and the subsequent election of McCormack as leader, the cabinet was reshuffled again. Drum was dropped from the ministry and Pitt was once again appointed. Andrew Broad was appointed as McCormack's assistant minister in the first Morrison ministry but resigned in December 2018 following a sex scandal. He was replaced by Andrew Gee in January 2019. Following the Coalition's election victory in May 2019, Gee remained in the position at the start of the second Morrison ministry until the National Party leadership spill in February 2020. This resulted in a reshuffle with Gee being promoted to the outer ministry and Kevin Hogan appointment to the role. Hogan became the longest-serving assistant minister, remaining in the role until the end of the Morrison government in May 2022 and seeing the return of Joyce as the deputy prime minister in June 2021. The role has not been included in either of Albanese's ministries since being elected prime minister.

References

References

1. (16 February 2018). "Why can't Malcolm Turnbull sack Barnaby Joyce?". [[Fairfax Media]].
2. PrimeFacts: [http://static.moadoph.gov.au/ophgovau/media/images/apmc/docs/53-Deputy-PMs.pdf Deputy Prime Ministers of Australia]
3. (17 October 1946). "Australian Imperial Force Canteens Fund Act 1920 – Notice Under Section 8". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette.
4. "Before office - William McMahon - Australia's PMs - Australia's Prime Ministers".
5. "ParlInfo - Biography for EVATT, the Rt. Hon. Herbert Vere, QC".
6. (22 May 2022). "Labor, Anthony Albanese make history with 2022 federal election victory". [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]].
7. (14 August 2017). "Barnaby Joyce refers himself to High Court over potential dual citizenship". [[Fairfax Media]].
8. (14 August 2017). "Parliamentary Representation".
9. Vielleris, Renee. (15 August 2017). "Documentary evidence Barnaby Joyce has renounced his NZ citizenship". [[News Corp Australia]].
10. Massola, James. (27 October 2017). "High Court citizenship verdict: Barnaby Joyce facing byelection in hammer blow to Turnbull government". [[Fairfax Media]].
11. Green, Antony. (15 January 2018). "2017 New England by-election – Guide". [[ABC News (Australia).
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13. "Does Australia have a parliamentary line of succession to the prime minister and if so, what is the order?".
14. [http://www.remtribunal.gov.au/media/documents/2018/2017-determinations/2017-23-determination-remuneration-and-allowances-for-judicial-and-related-offices/2017-23-Determination-Members-of-Parliament-11.12.2017.pdf Determination 2017/23: Members of Parliament], Remuneration Tribunal. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
15. [http://www.remtribunal.gov.au/media/documents/reports/2017-report-on-ministers-of-state-salaries-additional-to-the-basic-parliamentary-salary-report-1/Report-No-1-of-2017.pdf Report on Ministers of State - Salaries Additional to the Basic Parliamentary Salary], Remuneration Tribunal. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
16. (2010). "Ministries and Cabinets". [[Parliament of Australia]].
17. "Deputy Prime Ministers of Australia". Museum of Australian Democracy.
18. "The Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 - 1995) - 15 Jul 1975 - p1".
19. Crowe, David. (17 December 2018). "Andrew Broad resigns from Morrison ministry over bombshell sex scandal allegations". [[Nine Entertainment]].
20. "BROAD, the Hon. Andrew John". [[Parliament of Australia]].
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