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Demographics of Afghanistan

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FieldValue
placeAfghanistan
imageAfghanistan single age population pyramid 2020.png
image_size350px
captionAfghanistan population pyramid in 2020
size_of_population41,454,761 (2023)birth=35.44/1000 (2023)death=5.80/1000 (2023)life= 59.1 years at birth (2021)major_ethnic={{unbulleted list
minor_ethnic{{unbulleted list
}}fertility4.84 children per woman (2023)nation=Afghangrowth= +2.85% (2023)infant_mortality= 44.0/1000 (2023)
Note

the population of the country of Afghanistan

|

  • Iranians
    • Pashtuns
    • Tajiks
    • Hazaras
    • Aimaqs
    • Balochs
    • Pamiris
      • Wakhis
      • Others
    • Qizilbash
    • Others |
  • Turkics
    • Uzbeks
    • Turkmens
    • Kyrgyz
    • Others
  • Dravidians
    • Brahuis
    • Others
  • Pashayis
  • Nuristanis
  • Gujjars
  • Arabs
  • Sayyid/Sadat
  • Other groups

As of 2025, Afghanistan has an estimated population of around 49.5 million people. The country is characterized by a highly diverse, multi-ethnic, and multilingual society, reflecting its historical position at the crossroads of Central, South, and Western Asia, along ancient trade and invasion routes. The four major ethnic categories in the country are Pashtun, Tajik/Farsiwan, Hazara, and Uzbek. In addition, Afghanistan has a plethora of minor ethnic categories, including Turkmen, Baloch, Aimaq, Nuristani, Arab and many others. Together they make up the contemporary Afghan people.

Approximately 43% of the population was under the age of 15, and about 74% of Afghans lived in rural areas as of 2016. The country has one of the highest fertility rates in the world outside of Africa, with the average woman giving birth to five children over her lifetime. Around 6.8% of infants die during childbirth or early infancy. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the nation's average life expectancy was estimated at about 63 years as of 2019. The prevalence of HIV remains very low, affecting only about 0.04% of the population.

Pashto (پښتو) and Dari (دری) are the official languages of Afghanistan. Dari serves as the inter-ethnic lingua franca across most of the country, particularly in northern and eastern provinces as well as in most major cities. Pashto is predominantly spoken in regions south of the Hindu Kush mountains and extends eastward toward the Indus River in neighbouring Pakistan. Smaller languages such as Uzbek and Turkmen are spoken in parts of northern Afghanistan. Multilingualism is widespread, particularly in the major urban centres.

Up to 89.7% of the population adheres to Sunni Islam and follows the Hanafi school of Islamic jurisprudence, while between 10% and 15% are followers of Shia Islam, with the majority belonging to the Twelver branch, and smaller communities adhering to Ismaili traditions. The remaining 0.3% of the population practices other religions, including Sikhism and Hinduism. Outside the principal urban centres, much of the population is organized into tribal or other kinship-based groups that maintain their own traditional customs.

Population size and distribution

Anatol Lieven of Georgetown University in Qatar wrote in 2021 that "it may be noted that in the whole of modern Afghan history there has never been a census that could be regarded as remotely reliable."

Historical

The first and only nationwide census of Afghanistan was carried out in 1979. It revealed a population of 13,051,358 (rural 11,037,231, urban 2,014,127). Previously there had been scattered attempts to conduct censuses in individual cities. According to the 1876 census, Kabul had a population of 140,700 people. In Kandahar in 1891 a population census was carried out, according to which 31,514 people lived in the city, of which 16,064 were men and 15,450 were women.

From 1979 until the end of 1983, some 5 million people left the country to take shelter in neighbouring northwestern Pakistan and eastern Iran. This exodus was largely unchecked by any government. The Afghan government in 1983 reported a population of 15.96 million, which presumably included the exodus.

It is assumed that roughly 600,000 to as high as 2 million Afghans may have been killed during the various 1979–2001 wars. These figures are questionable and no attempt has ever been made to verify if they were actually killed or had moved to neighbouring countries as refugees.

As no census has been performed after 1979 and millions of people may have left the country, the current population of Afghanistan can only be guessed.

Current and latest

As of 2021, the total population of Afghanistan is around 37.5 million, which includes the 3 million Afghan nationals living in both Pakistan and Iran. About 26% of the population is urbanite and the remaining 74% lives in rural areas.

Afghanistan's Central Statistics Organization (CSO) stated in 2011 that the total number of Afghans living inside Afghanistan was about 26 million and by 2017 it reached 29.2 million. Of this, 15 million are males and 14.2 million are females. The country's population is expected to reach 82 million by 2050.

Urban areas have experienced rapid population growth in the last decade, which is due to the return of over 5 million expats. The only city in Afghanistan with over a million residents is its capital, Kabul.

Structure of the population

An Afghan family from the Pashtun ethnicity in their home in Kabul

Structure of the population (2012.01.07) (Data refer to the settled population based on the 1979 Population Census and the latest household prelisting. The refugees of Afghanistan in Iran, Pakistan, and an estimated 1.5 million nomads, are not included):

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2012) (Data refer to the settled population based on the 1979 Population Census and the latest household prelisting. The refugees of Afghanistan in Iran, Pakistan, and an estimated 1.5 million nomads, are not included.):

Age groupMaleFemaleTotal%Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total13,044,40012,455,70025,500,100100
0–42,422,2442,556,3044,978,54819.52
5–91,941,3631,880,4073,821,77014.99
10–141,556,1581,401,6952,957,85311.60
15–191,276,5631,140,8102,417,3739.48
20–241,059,9391,009,8072,069,7468.12
25–29843 967864 7381,708,7056.70
30–34678 577745 5341,424,1115.58
35–39598 045652 3261,250,3714.90
40–44546 102533 5241,079,6264.23
45–49495 190440 789935 9793.67
50–54435 143354 633789 7763.10
55–59360 394275 468635 8622.49
60–64281 627209 152490 7791.92
65–69204 376150 137354 5131.39
70–74141 729102 048243 7770.96
75–7991 16464 658155 8220.61
80–8455 44638 69994 1450.37
85+56 37334 97191 3440.36
0–145,919,7655,838,40611,758,17146.11
15–646,575,5476,226,78112,802,32850.21
65+549 088390 513939 6013.68

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2020) (Data refer to the settled population based on the 1979 Population Census and the latest household prelisting. The refugees of Afghanistan in Iran, Pakistan, and an estimated 1.5 million nomads, are not included.):

Age groupMaleFemaleTotal%Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total15,981,30315,408,86831,390,171100
0–42,853,2882,743,1035,596,39117.83
5–92,542,4052,379,6184,922,02315.68
10–142,220,0652,026,7964,246,86113.53
15–191,840,4321,727,2873,567,71911.37
20–241,371,1881,463,7972,834,9859.03
25–291,079,1171,177,5552,256,6727.19
30–34828 055818 3131,646,3685.24
35–39674 920661 9491,336,8694.26
40–44577 135611 0161,188,1513.79
45–49480 700511 608992 3083.16
50–54381 772396 026777 7982.48
55–59320 024308 966628 9902.00
60–64286 732229 605516 3371.64
65–69222 590161 851384 4411.22
70–74150 43699 412249 8480.80
75–7970 27142 288112 5590.36
80–8448 54026 54975 0890.24
85+33 63323 12956 7620.18
0–147,615,7587,149,51714,765,27547.04
15–647,840,0757,906,12215,746,19750.16
65+525 470353 229878 6992.80

Vital statistics

Vital statistics since 1950 (UN estimates)

PopulationLive birthsDeathsNatural changeCrude birth rate (per 1000)Crude death rate (per 1000)Natural Change (per 1000)Crude Migration rate
(per 1000)Total fertility rateLife expectancy
(in years)Infant mortality rate (per 1000 births)
19507,480,464365,303283,668+1.09%48.937.910.97.2527.73
19517,571,542372,040282,577+1.18%49.137.311.80.27.2627.96
19527,667,534378,290280,803+1.27%49.336.612.7−0.27.2628.45
19537,764,549384,933279,684+1.35%49.536.013.5−1.07.2728.93
19547,864,289390,412280,476+1.40%49.635.614.0−1.37.2529.23
19557,971,933397,156277,695+1.50%49.834.815.0−1.57.2629.92
19568,087,730404,134277,328+1.57%49.934.315.7−1.47.2730.41
19578,210,207410,977276,560+1.64%50.033.716.4−1.57.2630.95
19588,333,827418,266275,681+1.71%50.133.017.1−2.37.2731.51
19598,468,220425,334274,920+1.78%50.232.517.8−1.97.2832.04
19608,622,473434,057275,239+1.84%50.331.918.4−0.57.2832.54
19618,790,140443,319275,508+1.91%50.431.319.107.2833.07
19628,969,055453,468276,593+1.97%50.630.819.70.27.2933.55
19639,157,463464,225277,961+2.03%50.730.420.30.37.3034.02
19649,355,510475,452279,368+2.10%50.829.921.00.27.3034.49
19659,565,154486,406281,003+2.15%50.929.421.50.47.3134.95
19669,783,153498,801282,463+2.21%51.028.922.10.27.3235.45
196710,010,037511,245284,203+2.27%51.128.422.70.07.3435.92
196810,247,782524,167285,867+2.33%51.127.923.3−0.17.3636.42
196910,494,491537,318287,557+2.38%51.227.423.8−0.37.3936.91
197010,752,973549,695288,979+2.42%51.126.924.2−0.27.4037.42
197111,015,853564,040290,646+2.48%51.226.424.8−0.97.4337.92
197211,286,753577,071291,819+2.53%51.125.825.3−1.37.4538.44
197311,575,308591,855292,915+2.58%51.125.325.8−0.97.4939.00
197411,869,881607,606294,363+2.64%51.124.826.4−1.67.5339.55
197512,157,390621,494295,301+2.68%51.024.226.8−3.27.5440.10
197612,425,276635,188295,770+2.72%50.923.727.2−5.67.5640.65
197712,687,308648,307295,112+2.77%50.923.227.7−7.07.5941.23
197812,938,864660,606310,376+2.69%50.823.926.9−7.57.6040.27
197912,986,378671,213328,042+2.64%50.724.825.9−22.77.6139.09
198012,486,640660,892316,937+2.75%50.524.226.3−67.57.5939.62
198111,155,196614,273288,555+2.92%50.323.626.7−148.67.5740.16
198210,088,290520,603266,040+2.52%50.125.624.5−131.07.5537.77
19839,951,447503,887252,318+2.50%50.125.125.0−38.87.5438.19
198410,243,689506,571302,824+2.02%50.230.020.28.37.5133.33
198510,512,220536,861314,987+2.09%50.629.720.94.67.5233.55
198610,448,447541,017252,810+2.76%50.723.727.0−33.77.5239.40
198710,322,767535,214245,107+2.81%50.823.327.6−40.37.5339.84
198810,383,459531,795208,051+3.10%51.019.931.0−25.27.5343.96
198910,673,172546,142203,321+3.21%51.219.032.1−5.07.5345.16
199010,694,804567,256203,514+3.40%51.418.433.0−32.07.5645.97
199110,745,168555,610192,531+3.38%51.817.933.8−29.17.6146.66
199212,057,436578,891191,913+3.21%51.917.234.776.77.6647.60
199314,003,764698,469199,165+3.57%52.014.837.2103.37.7251.47
199415,455,560789,282222,214+3.67%52.214.737.557.27.7251.50
199516,418,911853,355230,943+3.80%52.114.138.020.77.7152.54
199617,106,600886,917232,991+3.82%51.913.638.22.07.7153.24
199717,788,818914,412237,216+3.81%51.413.338.10.37.6753.63
199818,493,134940,233250,677+3.73%50.913.637.30.87.6452.94
199919,262,854967,977239,604+3.79%50.412.537.92.17.6054.85
200019,542,986995,813242,535+3.76%49.712.137.6−23.37.5355.30
200119,688,634969,246231,795+3.73%49.011.737.3−29.97.4555.80
200221,000,258980,458229,450+3.58%48.211.336.926.77.3456.45
200322,645,1361,063,246240,215+3.63%47.410.736.736.37.2257.34
200423,553,5541,097,160243,367+3.61%46.310.336.12.57.0757.94
200524,411,1961,099,366241,454+3.53%45.39.935.3−0.26.9158.36
200625,442,9461,136,774246,037+3.50%44.79.735.05.66.7258.68
200725,903,3061,156,957246,898+3.51%43.99.434.5−17.36.5359.11
200826,427,2041,091,824232,339+3.27%41.58.832.7−12.96.3859.85
200927,385,3101,128,666234,065+3.26%41.28.532.62.46.2460.36
201028,189,6721,147,643233,308+3.23%40.68.332.3−3.86.1060.85
201129,249,1561,157,518230,346+3.19%39.97.931.94.35.9661.42
201230,466,4841,217,396234,629+3.23%40.07.732.37.75.8361.92
201331,541,2161,248,455235,744+3.21%39.67.532.12.05.7062.42
201432,716,2141,274,665241,055+3.17%39.17.431.74.25.5662.55
201533,753,5001,315,633248,560+3.15%38.87.331.5−0.85.4162.66
201634,636,2121,315,746245,452+3.09%37.97.130.9−5.45.2663.14
201735,643,4201,332,116250,677+3.03%37.37.030.3−2.05.1363.02
201836,686,7881,355,895256,314+2.99%36.97.029.9−1.55.0063.08
201937,769,4961,377,704256,564+2.97%36.56.829.7−1.04.8763.57
202038,972,2361,402,265276,683+2.89%36.17.128.92.04.7562.58
202140,099,4601,440,941295,236+2.85%35.87.328.5−0.44.6461.98
202241,128,771+2.82%35.146.9128.23−3.24.5262.88
202342,239,8544.4164.23

Afghanistan 2024 total fertility rate has been estimated at 4.4. In 2022 it was 4.5, about twice the world average rate. The rate has fallen since the early 1990s.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR), Total Fertility Rate (TFR) and Wanted Fertility Rate (WFR)

yearcrude birth rate (CBR)total fertility rate (TFR)wanted fertility rate (WFR)totalurbanruraltotalurbanruraltotalurbanrural
201035.634.735.95.14.55.2
201536.835.837.15.34.85.44.43.74.6
2022–2336.032.038.05.44.35.8

Fertility data by province

Estimations from 2015 (DHS Survey) and 2022–23 (MICS Survey).

ProvinceTFR20152023
**Afghanistan****5.3****5.4**
Kabul4.63.8
Kapisa4.85.6
Parwan5.75.0
Wardak4.25.3
Logar4.26.2
Nangarhar6.45.6
Laghman7.36.2
Panjshir3.23.5
Baghlan4.45.4
Bamyan5.44.2
Ghazni2.85.6
Paktika5.36.3
Paktia5.25.7
Khost5.65.3
Kunar6.86.4
Nuristan8.95.6
Badakhshan5.35.1
Takhar5.75.9
Kunduz4.46.4
Samangan5.14.3
Balkh5.54.9
Sar-e Pol4.85.5
Ghor5.84.8
Daykundi5.24.8
Urozgan8.85.6
Zabul5.17.8
Kandahar6.56.3
Jawzjan3.95.5
Faryab6.26.4
Helmand4.77.3
Badghis6.65.8
Herat4.84.4
Farah5.47.1
Nimruz5.46.2

Life expectancy

PeriodLife expectancy in
YearsPeriodLife expectancy in
Years
1950–195528.61985–199047.7
1955–196031.11990–199551.7
1960–196533.41995–200054.2
1965–197035.62000–200556.9
1970–197537.82005–201060.0
1975–198040.42010–201562.3
1980–198543.62015–202063.2

Source: UN World Population Prospects

Ethnicity

An approximate distribution of the ethnolinguistic groups are listed in the chart below:

A CIA map showing the various Afghan tribal territories in 2005
Ethnolinguistic groups in Afghanistan in 2001
Ethnolinguistic groups in Afghanistan and nearby regions in 1982
Ethnic groupImageEstimate based on native mother tongueThe World FactbookLibrary of Congress Country StudiesGulf/2000 Project
Pashtun[[File:Khost children in 2010.jpg141x141pxChildren in Khost province]]38.5%_42%42%40%38.5%
Tajik[[File:Afghan children in Badakhshan Province-2012.jpg144x144pxTajik children in Khowahan district of Badakhshan]]58.2%27%25.3%24.5%
Hazara[[File:Hazara people on the anniversary of Abdul Ali Mazari's death in Kabul.jpg143x143pxHazaras on the anniversary of [[Abdul Ali Mazari]]'s death in 2021 in Kabul]]9%18%24.5%
Uzbek[[File:Uzbek looking boy in northern Afghanistan.jpg142x142pxUzbek looking boy in northern Afghanistan]]5%9%6.3%6%
Aimak–4%–In many sources, the Aimaks are considered part of the Tajiks.
Turkmen1.2%3%2.5%1.2%
Baloch[[File:Men in Zaranj-cropped.jpg143x143pxCamera focusing on Baloch]]1%2%–0.5%
Others (Pashai, Nuristani, Arab, Brahui, Qizilbash, Pamiri, etc.)[[File:Young Pashai man with flowers in his hair.jpg143x143pxYoung Pashai man]]2.1%4%7.9%4.9%

The recent estimate in the above chart is somewhat supported by the below national opinion polls, which were aimed at knowing how a group of about 804 to 8,706 local residents in Afghanistan felt about the current war, political situation, as well as the economic and social issues affecting their daily lives. Ten surveys were conducted between 2004 and 2015 by the Asia Foundation (a sample is shown in the table below; the survey in 2015 did not contain information on the ethnicity of the participants) and one between 2004 and 2009 by a combined effort of the broadcasting companies NBC News, BBC, and ARD.See:

  • {{cite web |access-date = 15 September 2021 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20210915152910/https://asiafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/2019_Afghan_Survey_Full-Report_.pdf |archive-date = 15 September 2021
  • {{cite web |access-date = 31 December 2018 |archive-date = 7 August 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190807211241/https://asiafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/2018_Afghan-Survey_fullReport-12.4.18.pdf |url-status = dead
  • {{cite web |access-date = 28 November 2012 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121115230323/https://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/Surveybook2012web1.pdf |archive-date = 15 November 2012
  • {{cite web |access-date = 20 March 2011 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110719221519/https://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/Afghanistanin2010survey.pdf |archive-date = 19 July 2011
  • {{cite web |access-date = 28 November 2012 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120907040332/https://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/Afghanistanin2009.pdf |archive-date = 7 September 2012
  • {{cite web |access-date = 28 November 2012 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120905002127/https://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/Afghanistanin2008.pdf |archive-date = 5 September 2012
  • {{cite web |access-date = 20 March 2011 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110813043634/https://www.asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/AGsurvey07.pdf |archive-date = 13 August 2011
  • {{cite web |access-date = 28 November 2012 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120413085751/https://www.asiafoundation.org/pdf/AG-survey06.pdf |archive-date = 13 April 2012
  • {{cite web |access-date = 28 November 2012 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120906011313/https://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/afghanvotered04.pdf |archive-date = 6 September 2012
Ethnic group"Afghanistan: Where Things Stand" (2004)
"A survey of the Afghan people" (2004)"Afghanistan: Where Things Stand" (2005)"Afghanistan: Where Things Stand" (2006)"Afghanistan: Where Things Stand" (2007)"A survey of the Afghan people" (2007)"Afghanistan: Where Things Stand" (2009)"A survey of the Afghan people" (2012)"A survey of the Afghan people" (2014)"A survey of the Afghan people" (2018)"A survey of the Afghan people" (2019)
Pashtun56%50%52%48%50.1%50%50%50%48%49%
Tajik29%27%27%28%25.1%27%23%26%27%27%
Hazara6%13%12%6%10.0%11%11%10%10%11%
Uzbek6%6%5%6%8.1%7%9%8%9%8%
Aimak0%0%0%0%0.8%0%1%1%1%
Turkmen1%1%3%2%3.1%2%2%2%2%2%
Baloch0%0%0%3%0.7%1%1%1%1%
Others (Pashayi, Nuristani, Kurdish, Arab, Qizilbash.)3%3%1%5%2.1%3%3%2%2%3%
Don't know-%-%-%-%-%-%-%-%1%-%

Languages

Main article: Languages of Afghanistan

Map of Pashto-speaking areas in Afghanistan and Pakistan

Dari and Pashto are both official languages of Afghanistan. Uzbek and Turkmen are spoken as native languages in northern provinces, mainly among the Uzbeks and Turkmens. Smaller number of Afghans are also fluent in English, Urdu, Balochi, Arabic and other languages. An approximate distribution of languages spoken in the country is shown in the chart below:

LanguageRecent estimate
including both L1
and L2 speakersPre-1992 estimates
**Dari**
(incl. Eastern, Kabuli, Hazaragi & Aimaqi)77%25–35% (L1)
**Pashto**
(incl. Northern and Southern)48%50–55% (L1)
**Turkic languages**
(incl. Uzbek and Turkmen)11% (Uzbek)
3% (Turkmen)11% (L1)
**other indigenous languages**
(incl. Pashayi, Balochi, Nuristani)1% (Pashayi)
1% (Balochi)
1% (Nuristani)4% (L1)
**other non-indigenous languages**6% English
3% Urdu
1% Arabic
1 note: data represent most widely spoken languages; shares sum to more than 100% because there is much bilingualism in the country and because respondents were allowed to select more than one language
note: the Turkic languages Uzbek and Turkmen, as well as Balochi, Pashayi, Nuristani, and Pamiri are the third official languages in areas where the majority speaks them

Based on information from the latest national opinion polls, up to 51% stated that they can speak or understand Pashto and up to 79% stated that they can speak or understand Dari. Uzbek was spoken or understood by up to 11% and Turkmen by up to 7%. Other languages that can be spoken are Arabic (4%) and Balochi (2%).

Religion

Main article: Religion in Afghanistan

Almost the entire Afghan population is Muslim, with less than 1% being non-Muslim. Despite attempts to secularise Afghan society, Islamic practices pervade all aspects of life. Likewise, Islamic religious tradition and codes, together with traditional practices, provide the principal means of controlling personal conduct and settling legal disputes. Islam was used as the main basis for expressing opposition to the progressive reforms of Afghanistan by King Amanullah in the 1920s.

The members of Sikh and Hindu communities are mostly concentrated in urban areas. They numbered hundreds of thousands in the 1970s but over 90% have since fled due to the Afghan wars and persecution.

  • Islam: 99.7% of the total population
    • Sunni Muslim: 84.7–89.7%
    • Shia Muslim: 7-15%
  • others: 0.3%
    • Baha'is In the hundreds
    • Sikhism: In the hundreds
    • Hinduism: In the hundreds
    • Zoroastrianism: Unknown/unreported
    • Christianity: Unknown
    • Judaism: 0
    • Buddhism: Unknown
Religion"A survey of the Afghan people" (2004)"A survey of the Afghan people" (2006)"A survey of the Afghan people" (2007)"A survey of the Afghan people" (2008)"A survey of the Afghan people" (2009)"A survey of the Afghan people" (2010)"A survey of the Afghan people" (2011)"A survey of the Afghan people" (2012)
Sunni Islam92%"87.3%"""""
Shia Islam7%"12.3%"""""
Ismailism1%"0.4%"""""
Hinduism0%"0.1%"""""
Buddhism0%"0%"""""
Sikhism0%"0%"""""

References

References

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