Daikon

Names

In culinary context, daikon () or daikon radish is most common. Historical ties to South Asia give it the name mooli () in certain cultures. Other terms include white radish, winter radish, Oriental radish,{{refn|Larkcom and Douglass divide the term "oriental radish" into two categories, which they label "white mooli types" and "coloured types."

The vegetable's Chinese names are still uncommon in English. In most forms of Chinese cuisine, it is usually known as white radish () or simply radish (). Although in Cantonese and Malaysian cuisine, it is encountered as lobak or lo pak, which are Cantonese pronunciations of the general Chinese term for "radish" (). In the cuisines of Hokkien and Teochew-speaking areas such as Singapore, Thailand, and Taiwan, it is also known as chai tow or chai tau (菜頭). In English-speaking countries, it is also sometimes marketed as icicle radish.

In Singapore, the calque white carrot or misnomer carrot is sometimes used, owing to the similarity of the vegetables' names in Mandarin and Hokkien (in Mandarin Chinese, carrot is called "胡萝卜", which is literally "occidental radish"). This variant inspired the title for a popular guidebook on Singaporean street food, There's No Carrot in Carrot Cake, which refers to chai tow kway, a kind of cake made with daikon. Similarly but interestingly, in Hong Kong, the misnomer turnip is also used. This name lends its name to the dish "turnip cake", which is actually chai tow kway with a different name. However, these are misnomers used in local English varieties. In Chinese language, it's the opposite: carrots are called "red radish" (红萝卜) or "occidental radish" (胡萝卜), while turnips are called "oblate radish" (扁萝卜) in Jiangxi dialect, and "round radish" (圓菜頭) in Taiwan.

In North America, it is primarily grown not for food but as a fallow crop, with the roots left unharvested to prevent soil compaction; the leaves (if harvested) are used as animal fodder.

Varieties

Several nonwhite varieties occur. The Cantonese lobak, lo pak, etc., sometimes refer to the usual Chinese form but is also applied to a form of daikon with a light green coloration of the top area of the root around the leaves. The Korean radish, also called mu, has a similar pale green shade halfway down from the top and are generally shorter, stouter, and sturdier, with denser flesh and softer leaves. Both are often spicier than the long white radishes.

The heirloom watermelon radish is another Chinese variety of daikon with a dull green exterior but a bright rose or fuchsia-colored center. Its Chinese name (t {{linktext|心裡美蘿蔔}}, s {{linktext|心里美萝卜}}, xīnlǐměi luóbó) is sometimes irregularly romanized as the shinrimei radish and sometimes translated as the "beauty heart," "beautiful heart inside," or "roseheart" radish.

File:Chinese Radish.jpg|A radish growing in China File:Sakurajima daikon.jpg|Sakurajima radishes File:Chinese_radish_p1150393.jpg|Sliced watermelon radish File:Vladimir Zuev (professor of TSAU) hold on daikon growing in Uzbekistan.JPG|Professor Vladimir Zuev displays a new daikon variety Kuz hadyasi in Uzbekistan

Cultivation

The Chinese and Indian varieties tolerate higher temperatures than the Japanese ones. These varieties also grow well at lower elevations in East Africa. If moisture is abundant, it can grow quickly; otherwise, the flesh becomes overly tough and pungent. The variety Long White Icicle is available as seed in Britain and will grow very successfully in Southern England, producing roots resembling a parsnip by midsummer in good garden soil in an average year.

The roots can be stored for weeks without the leaves if lifted and kept in a cool, dry place. If left in the ground, the texture tends to become woody, but the storage life of whole untreated roots is not long.

Certain varieties of daikon can be grown as a winter cover crop and green manure. These varieties are often named "tillage radish" because the plant grows a huge, penetrating root that effectively performs deep cultivation. The roots bring nutrients lower in the soil profile up into the higher reaches and are good nutrient scavengers, so they are good partners with legumes instead of grasses; if harsh winters occur, the root will decompose while in the soil, releasing early nitrogen stores in the spring.

Culinary uses

Bangladesh

In Bangladesh, fresh daikon is often finely grated and mixed with fresh chili, coriander, flaked steamed fish, lime juice, and salt. This light, refreshing preparation served alongside meals is known as mulo bhorta.

China

In Chinese cuisine, turnip cake and chai tow kway are made with daikon. The variety called mooli has a high water content, and some cookbooks recommend salting (or sweetening, depending on the region and context) and draining it before it is cooked. Sometimes, mooli is used as a medium for elaborately carved garnishes. More commonly, daikon is referred as bailuobo (白蘿蔔) in Mandarin or lobak in Cantonese. Bailuobo is used in various dishes for its unique and mild flavour after being boiled and cooked. For soups, bailuobo can be seen in daikon and pork rib soup (白蘿蔔排骨湯), daikon and tomato soup (白蘿蔔番茄湯), daikon and tofu soup (白蘿蔔豆腐湯), etc. Delicacies such as "shredded daikon" (白蘿蔔絲) and "cut daikon" (白蘿蔔塊) are popular domestic dishes too. Similar to Japanese cuisine, there are many types of pickles (in Mandarin Chinese: 咸菜 xiáncài / 榨菜 zhàcài) made with daikon, for example, "sour-sweet cut daikon" (酸甜白蘿蔔塊), "spicy daikon" (麻辣白蘿蔔), daikon zhacai (白蘿蔔榨菜), etc.

India

In North India, daikon is a popular ingredient used to make sabzi, stuffed paranthas, pakodas, salads, pickles, and as garnish. The plant's leaves are used to make dal and kadhi, among other dishes. In South India, daikon is the principal ingredient in a variety of sambar, in which roundels of the radish are boiled with onions, tamarind pulp, lentils, and a special spice powder. When cooked, it can release a very strong odor. This soup, called mullangi sambar (, ; literally, "radish sambar") is very popular and is often mixed with rice.

Japan

In Japan, many types of pickles are made with daikon roots, including takuan and bettarazuke. Daikon roots can be served raw, in salads, or as tsuma*sashimi'''s , which is prepared by meticulous . Daikon-oroshi is frequently used as a garnish, often mixed into various dippings such as ponzu, a soy sauce and citrus juice condiment. momiji-oroshiThe pink spicy is daikon grated with chili pepper. Simmered dishes are also popular such as oden. kiriboshi-daikonDaikon that has been shredded and dried (a common method of preserving food in Japan) is called .

kaiware-daikonDaikon radish sprouts () are used raw for salad or garnishing sashimi.

Daikon leaves are frequently eaten as a green vegetable. They are thorny when raw, so softening methods such as pickling and stir frying are common. The daikon leaf is one of the eaten at the Festival of Seven Herbs (jinjitsu), where it is called suzushiro.

Pakistan

In Pakistani cuisine, the young leaves of the daikon plant are boiled and flash-fried with a mixture of heated oil, garlic, ginger, red chili, and various spices. The radish is eaten as a fresh salad, often seasoned with either salt and pepper or chaat masala. In Punjab province, daikon is used to stuff pan-fried breads known as paratha. Daikon's seed pods called moongray in local languages, are also eaten as a stir-fried dish across the country.

Philippines

In the Philippines, the sour stew sinigang may include daikon. Daikon is known locally as labanos.

South Korea

In South Korea, daikon radish is often used in kimchi, a traditional fermented dish. Kimchi is most commonly eaten as a side dish with rice, among other dishes. It is most commonly made with daikon radish, carrots, scallions, and other easily fermented vegetables.

Taiwan

In Taiwanese cuisine, both the root and the stems/leaves of the daikon are consumed.

Vietnam

In Vietnamese cuisine, sweet and sour pickled daikon and carrots (củ cải cà rốt chua or đồ chua) are a common condiment in bánh mì sandwiches.

Gallery

File:Chai tow kway.jpg|Chai tow kway, stir-fried cubes of radish cake File:Mizuna&Daikon.jpg|Japanese mizuna and daikon salad File:Pickled daikon.jpg|Mohn la jin, Burmese pickled radish File:Buri Daikon.jpg|Buri daikon, Japan File:Daikon oden and Beer by shrkflickr in kyoto.jpg|Daikon oden in Kyoto, Japan

Nutrition

Raw daikon is 95% water, 4% carbohydrates, and less than 1% each of protein and fat (table). In a reference amount of 100 g, raw daikon supplies 18 calories and is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin C (24% DV), with no other micronutrients in significant content (table).

Agricultural use

Tillage radish leaves behind a cavity in the soil when the large taproot decays, making it easier for the following year's crops, such as potatoes, to bore deeper into the soil. Potatoes grown in a rotation with tillage radish do not experience growth restrictions associated with having a shallow hardpan soil, as the tillage radish can break the hardpan, making the transfer of water and other important nutrients much easier for the root system.

Nutrient retention is another important feature of tillage radish. The large taproot is used to retain macro- and micro-nutrients that would otherwise have the potential to be lost to leaching during the time when the field would otherwise be left empty. The nutrients from the root become readily available for the following year's crop upon the decay of the radish, which can boost yields and reduce fertilizer costs.

Daikons are also used as a forage worldwide. As a forage, they also have the side benefit of weed suppression. Although used elsewhere for much longer, daikon as a forage is a recent introduction in Massachusetts field practice.

Other use

Daikon is used in preparing metal surfaces for chemical patination, for example, under the Rokushō process.

References

References

1. (1997). "Radish". Hamilton College: Food for Thought.
2. "daikon".
3. "mooli".
4. (1994). "Oriental Vegetables: The Complete Guide for the Gardening Cook". Oxford University Press US.
5. ''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "mooli, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2002.
6. "Mooli".
7. and '''long white radish''', while still other names can be used. Other synonyms usually vary by region or describe [[#Varieties
8. "Raphanus sativus L. (Longipinnatus Group)". Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database.
9. (2010). "There's No Carrot in Carrot Cake: 101 Hawker Dishes Singaporeans Love". Epigram Books.
10. (2011). "A Dictionary of Hong Kong English: Words from the Fragrant Harbor". Hong Kong University Press.
11. The official general name used by the [[United States Department of Agriculture]] is '''oilseed radish''', but this is only used in non-culinary contexts. Other English terms employed when daikon is used as [[animal feed]] or as a soil ripper are "forage radish", "fodder radish", and "tillage radish".Natural Resources Conservation Service. Plants Database. "[https://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_rasa2.pdf Plant Fact Sheet: Oilseed Radish, ''Raphanus sativus'' L.]". United States Dep't of Agriculture, 2012. Accessed 22 June 2014.
12. Natural Resources Conservation Service. Plants Database. "[https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_rasa2.pdf Plant Guide: Oilseed Radish, ''Raphanus sativus'' L.]". United States Dep't of Agriculture, 2012. Accessed 22 June 2014.
13. Grubben, G.J.H.. (2004). "Vegetables". PROTA.
14. "Tillage radish cover crop - tips to maximize its benefits".
15. Doeser, Linda. (2010). "The Ultimate Chinese Cookbook". Hermes House.
16. (2020-01-22). "5 Easy Mooli Recipes & Daikon Health Benefits".
17. "errorpage".
18. Gordenker, Alice. (2015-11-28). "Why do we need a little bit on the side?".
19. (2018-09-03). "The Art of Katsura-muki with the versatile Japanese Daikon Radish".
20. Itoh, Makiko. (2015-12-18). "Daikon: The great radish of Japan".
21. "Recipe – momiji-oroshi". The Tsuji Group.
22. Itoh, Makiko. (2018-01-20). "In winter, the humble daikon is the ultimate utility vegetable".
23. "From stir-fries and pies to pickles: White radish has you covered". SBS.
24. "Gia Chanh".
25. (15 September 2015). "Tillage radish cover crop - tips to maximize its benefits".
26. Sugimoro, Eitoku. (2004). "The Foundation of Japanese Patinas".
27. (2016). "Nitrogen Release Dynamics and Decomposition of Buried and Surface Cover Crop Residues". [[American Society of Agronomy]] ([[Wiley Publishing.