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Cygnus (spacecraft)

Uncrewed cargo spacecraft developed by Orbital Sciences

Uncrewed cargo spacecraft developed by Orbital Sciences

FieldValue
nameCygnus
imageCygnus Enhanced spacecraft.jpg
image_altSilver cylindrical spacecraft with gold solar panels amid the blackness of space
image_captionEnhanced Cygnus spacecraft approaching the International Space Station for the NG-12 mission
manufacturer{{Ubli
countryUnited States
operator{{Ubli
applications
spacecraft_typeCargo
spacecraft_busGEOStar
dry_mass{{Unbulleted indent list
Enhanced: <ref name"Cygnus factsheet" /
XL: <ref name"NG-23 Handout"
payload_capacity{{Unbulleted indent list
Enhanced: <ref name"Cygnus factsheet" /
XL: <ref name"mission-b" /
length{{Unbulleted indent list
Enhanced: <ref name"Cygnus factsheet" /
XL: <ref name"NG-23 Handout" /
diameter3.07 m
volume{{Unbulleted indent list
Enhanced: <ref name"Cygnus factsheet" /
XL: <ref>{{Cite newslastParsonsonfirst=Andrewdate=May 14, 2024title=Thales Alenia Space Delivers Pressurized Module for 21st Cygnus Spacecrafturl=https://europeanspaceflight.com/thales-alenia-space-delivers-pressurized-module-for-21st-cygnus-spacecraft/access-date=June 20, 2024work=European Spaceflightlanguage=en-US}}
power3.5 kW
design_life1 week to 2 years
statusIn service
built23
orders3
launched23
operational1 (NG-23)
retired21
lost1 (Orb-3)
firstSeptember 18, 2013
lastSeptember 14, 2025 *(most recent)*
launch_vehicleAntares, Atlas V, Falcon 9

| Orbital Sciences (2013–2015) | Orbital ATK (2015–2018) | Northrop Grumman (2018–present) | Thales Alenia Space (supplier, 2013–present) | Orbital Sciences (2013–2015) | Orbital ATK (2015–2018) | Northrop Grumman (2018–present) | Standard: 1500 kg | Enhanced: 1800 kg | XL: 2300 kg | Standard: 2000 kg | Enhanced: 3500 kg | XL: 5000 kg | Standard: 5.14 m | Enhanced: 6.39 m | XL: 8 m | Standard: 18.9 m3 | Enhanced: 27 m3 | XL: 36 m3

Cygnus is an expendable American uncrewed cargo spacecraft developed for International Space Station (ISS) resupply missions. It was originally built by Orbital Sciences Corporation with financial support from NASA under the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program. The spacecraft consists of a pressurized cargo module—based largely on the Multi-Purpose Logistics Module and built by Thales Alenia Space—paired with a service module derived from Orbital's GEOStar, a satellite bus. Following a successful demonstration flight in 2013, Orbital was awarded a Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) contract.

Over time, Cygnus has been upgraded to increase its size and capabilities. The Enhanced Cygnus variant debuted in 2015, and the further enlarged Cygnus XL entered service in 2025. Features added over time include reboost capability to raise the ISS orbit, the ability to support late cargo loading shortly before launch, and the option to conduct secondary missions after undocking. Each mission ends with a controlled destructive reentry, which also provides a means of disposing of waste generated aboard the station. Alongside Cygnus, other ISS resupply spacecraft have included the Russian Progress, the European Automated Transfer Vehicle, the Japanese H-II Transfer Vehicle, and the American SpaceX Dragon.

Cygnus is typically launched on its parent company’s Antares rocket from the Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia, but it can also fly aboard other launch vehicles. After an Antares failure destroyed Cygnus CRS Flight 3 and damaged Wallops in 2014, two subsequent missions launched on Atlas V rockets in 2015 and 2016. More recently, Cygnus missions have been launched on Falcon 9 rockets in 2024 and 2025, with another planned for 2026, under arrangements with CRS competitor SpaceX. The name Cygnus derives from the Greek word for swan and refers to the constellation.

Development

After the retirement of the Space Shuttle was announced, NASA began to look for commercial space launch companies who could fly cargo to the ISS. In early 2006, the agency started its Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program, where it would help fund the development of cargo spacecraft after a competitive process. SpaceX and Rocketplane Kistler won contracts in the COTS program, however Rocketplane Kistler failed to meet several financial milestones and on October 18, 2007, NASA announced it would terminate its contract and re-award it after a second competition.

Orbital Sciences Corporation participated in this second round, proposing a largely "off-the-shelf" design. The spacecraft, named Cygnus, would be built around a service module based on Orbital's Star Bus, a satellite bus in use since 1997, which would be attached to a pressurized cargo module built by Thales Alenia Space, which had also built the MPLM cargo module used by the Space Shuttle, the cargo module for the European ATV spacecraft and several permanent modules on the ISS.

Cygnus was awarded a COTS contract worth $170 million in February 2008, which was later increased to $288 million. On December 23, 2008, NASA awarded Orbital Sciences a $1.9 billion contract under the Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) program. Under this contract, Orbital Sciences agreed to deliver up to 20 tons of cargo to the ISS through 2016 in eight Cygnus spacecraft flights.

To propel Cygnus into space, Orbital developed the Antares rocket, which also leveraged lower-cost, off-the-shelf parts and designs. Construction and design of the first stage was subcontracted to Ukrainian companies and used refurbished NK-33 engines, remnants of the Soviet N1 moon rocket. The second stage was the Castor 30, which Orbital had previously used on another rocket project (the Minotaur-C) and was based on a Peacekeeper ICBM first stage.

The first Cygnus flight was originally planned to occur in December 2010, but was repeatedly delayed. The Antares made its maiden flight lifting a payload mass simulator to low Earth orbit on April 21, 2013. On September 18, 2013, Antares successfully launched a Cygnus spacecraft on a flight test to rendezvous with the International Space Station. On January 12, 2014, the first scheduled Cygnus resupply mission arrived at the space station; the capsule carried Christmas presents and fresh fruit for the astronauts. Its arrival was delayed, first by the need to repair the station, and then by frigid weather at the launch site and solar flares that forced postponements.

With the December 2015 launch of Orb CRS-4 on Atlas V, the enhanced version of Cygnus made its debut. While it was planned from the beginning to fly on the fifth mission, the Orb CRS-3 failure and subsequent move to Atlas V meant a delay. However, lessons learned on packing and the extra capabilities of the Atlas allowed payload to be increased to 3,500 kg.

Design

The Cygnus spacecraft consists of two basic components: the Service Module (SM) and the Pressurized Cargo Module (PCM).

The SM was based on prior products developed by Orbital including the GEOStar and LEOStar (collectively known as Star Bus) satellite buses and the Dawn spacecraft. It has a gross mass of 1,800 kg, 32 thrusters for attitude control and one BT-4 main engine fueled with around 800 kg of hypergolic propellants, hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide. The SM is capable of producing 3.5 kW of electrical power via two solar arrays. During a mission, Cygnus maneuvers close to the International Space Station, where the Canadarm2 robotic arm grapples the spacecraft and berths it to a Common Berthing Mechanism, typically the nadir (Earth facing) port of the Unity module.

The Pressurized Cargo Module (PCM) is manufactured by Thales Alenia Space in Turin, Italy and has been produced in several variants. The initial 1500 kg (empty weight) Standard PCMs were 5.14 m long, with a 2000 kg payload capacity and 18.9 m3 of pressurized volume. The 1800 kg (empty weight) Enhanced variant, introduced with the fourth Cygnus spacecraft, features a stretched PCM that is 6.39 m long, increasing the payload capacity to 3500 kg, a 32% increase, and the volume to 27 m3, a 19.5% increase. Starting with the Enhanced variant, the solar panels were also upgraded to the UltraFlex, an accordion fanfold array, and the fuel load was increased to 1,218 kg. Announced in August 2023, the even larger Cygnus XL began service with the NG-23 mission in September 2025. It measures 7.89 m in length, carries a 5000 kg payload, a 19.5% increase, and provides 36 m3 of volume (a 15.5% increase).

An earlier proposed version of Cygnus would have replaced the PCM with the Unpressurized Cargo Module (UCM), based on NASA's ExPRESS Logistics Carrier, and would have been used to transport unpressurized cargo, such as ISS Orbital Replacement Units. Another proposed variant would have replaced the PCM with the Return Cargo Module (RCM), which would have allowed Cygnus to return cargo to Earth.

Cygnus does not provide cargo return capability. However, it can be loaded with obsolete equipment, solid waste such as feces, and trash from the ISS which will burn up as the Cygnus makes a destructive reentry.

Lunar Gateway module variant

In August 2019, NASA decided to sole source its design for the Minimal Habitation Module (Habitation and Logistics Outpost, or HALO) of the Lunar Gateway to Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems, which offered a minimalist 6.1 m by 3 m design based directly on the Enhanced Cygnus, as well as a larger 7 m by 4.4 m design having radial docking ports, body-mounted radiators (BMRs), batteries and communications antennas added on the outside. Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems opted to build the minimalist design, which offered the advantage of component compatibility and expedited testing of life support systems on existing Cygnus spacecraft. On June 5, 2020, NASA awarded Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems a $187 million contract to complete the preliminary design of HALO. NASA will sign a separate contract with Northrop for the fabrication of the HALO, and for integration with the Power and Propulsion Element (PPE), being built by Maxar.

Missions

The following list includes only missions that have flown and six planned missions. one more mission is planned to be launched on the Falcon 9 rocket from Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 40, and three from Wallops on an Antares 330. Cygnus is the only cargo freighter to launch on four different launch vehicles: the Antares 100 series, Atlas V, Antares 200 series and Falcon 9 Block 5. Each mission is named for a notable member of the Human spaceflight community.

#MissionPatchLaunch date (UTC)Launch vehicleVariantPayload massOutcomeRef.
1Orb-D1
*G. David Low*September 18, 2013, 14:58:00Antares 110Standard1,299 lb
First Cygnus mission, first mission to rendezvous with ISS, first mission to berth with ISS, second launch of Antares. Docking to ISS delayed due to a computer data link problem, which was later was resolved.
2Orb-1
*C. Gordon Fullerton*[[File:Orbital Sciences CRS Flight 1 Patch.png75px]]January 9, 2014, 18:07:05Antares 120Standard2,780 lb
First Commercial Resupply Service (CRS) mission for Cygnus, first Antares launch using the Castor 30B upper stage.
3Orb-2
*Janice E. Voss*[[File:Orbital Sciences CRS Flight 2 Patch.png75px]]July 13, 2014, 16:52:14Antares 120Standard3,293 lb
4Orb-3
*Deke Slayton*[[File:Orbital Sciences CRS Flight 3 Patch.png75px]]October 28, 2014, 22:22:38Antares 130Standard4,883 lb
First Antares launch to use Castor 30XL upperstage. Suffered a catastrophic anomaly resulting in an explosion shortly after launch, damaging launch pad. Contents of the cargo included food and packages for the crew, parts, experiments, and the Arkyd-3 flight test system from Planetary Resources.
5OA-4
*Deke Slayton II*[[File:Orbital Sciences CRS Flight 4 Patch.png75px]]December 6, 2015, 21:44:57Atlas V 401Enhanced7,746 lb
First flight of Enhanced Cygnus spacecraft. Due to damage at launch pad after the explosion of the Antares rocket carrying Orb-3, Orbital contracted with United Launch Alliance to launch this Cygnus on an Atlas V rocket from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. First of three missions to fly on an Atlas V rocket.
6OA-6
*Rick Husband*[[File:Orbital Sciences CRS Flight 6 Patch.png75px]]March 23, 2016, 03:05:52Atlas V 401Enhanced7,758 lb
Second of three missions to fly on an Atlas V rocket.
7OA-5
*Alan Poindexter*[[File:Orbital Sciences CRS Flight 5 Patch.png75px]]October 17, 2016, 23:45:36Antares 230Enhanced5,163 lb
First flight of an Antares 200 series rocket.
8OA-7
*John Glenn*[[File:Orbital Sciences CRS Flight 7 Patch.svg75px]]April 18, 2017, 15:11:26Atlas V 401Enhanced7,443 lb
Third of three missions to fly on an Atlas V rocket.
9OA-8E
*Gene Cernan*[[File:Orbital Sciences CRS Flight 8E Patch.png75px]]November 12, 2017, 12:19:51Antares 230Enhanced7,359 lb
November 11, 2017, launch was scrubbed just before launch when a general aviation aircraft entered the hazard zone and did not respond to calls.
10OA-9E
*J.R. Thompson*[[File:Orbital Sciences CRS Flight 9E Patch.png75px]]May 21, 2018, 08:44:06Antares 230Enhanced7,385 lb
First a commercial vehicle to perform ISS reboosting when, at 20:25 UTC on July 10, 2018, Cygnus's main engine was fired for about 50 seconds. Raised ISS altitude by about 295 ft.
11NG-10
*John Young*[[File:Cygnus NG-10 Patch.png75px]]November 17, 2018, 09:01:31Antares 230Enhanced7,386 lb
12NG-11
*Roger Chaffee*[[File:Cygnus NG-11 Patch.png75px]]April 17, 2019, 20:46:07Antares 230Enhanced7,575 lb
13NG-12
*Alan Bean*[[File:Cygnus NG-12 Patch.png75px]]November 2, 2019, 13:59:47Antares 230+Enhanced8,221 lb
14NG-13
*Robert H. Lawrence*[[File:Cygnus NG-13 Patch.png75px]]February 15, 2020, 20:21:01Antares 230+Enhanced{{cvt8,009lbabbr=}}
February 9, 2020, launch attempt scrubbed due to a ground support issue.
15NG-14
*Kalpana Chawla*[[File:Cygnus NG-14 Patch.png75px]]October 3, 2020, 01:16:14Antares 230+Enhanced7,624 lb
October 1, 2020, launch attempt delayed due to boat in range, later scrubbed due to a ground support issue.
16NG-15
*Katherine Johnson*[[File:Cygnus NG-15 Patch.png75px]]February 20, 2021, 17:36:50Antares 230+Enhanced8,400 lb
17NG-16
*Ellison Onizuka*[[File:Cygnus NG-16 Patch.png75px]]August 10, 2021, 22:01:05Antares 230+Enhanced8,208 lb
18NG-17
*Piers Sellers*[[File:Cygnus NG-17 Patch.png75px]]February 19, 2022, 17:40:03Antares 230+Enhanced8,049 lb
Performed the first operational reboost of ISS by a commercial vehicle on June 25, 2022, after it was aborted after few seconds on June 20, 2022.
19NG-18
*Sally Ride*[[File:Cygnus NG-18 Patch.png75px]]November 7, 2022, 10:32:42Antares 230+Enhanced8173 lb
November 6, 2022, launch attempt scrubbed due to fire alarm in mission control.
20NG-19
*Laurel Clark*[[File:Cygnus NG-19 Patch.png75px]]August 2, 2023, 00:31:14Antares 230+Enhanced8345 lb
Final flight on an Antares 200 series rocket.
21NG-20
*Patricia "Patty" Hilliard Robertson*[[File:Cygnus NG-20 Patch.png75px]]January 30, 2024, 17:07:15Falcon 9 Block 5 (B1077-10)Enhanced8345 lb
Northrop Grumman contracted with SpaceX to launch this Cygnus on a Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station. First of four missions to fly on a Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket.
22NG-21
*Francis R. "Dick" Scobee*[[File:Cygnus NG-21 Patch.png75px]]August 4, 2024, 15:02:23Falcon 9 Block 5 (B1080-10)Enhanced8503 lb
Second of four missions to fly on a Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket.
23NG-23
*William "Willie" C. McCool*[[File:Cygnus NG-23 Patch.png75px]]September 14, 2025, 22:11Falcon 9 Block 5 (B10944)XL10827 lbdate=July 30, 2023title=Falcon 9 Block 5 – CRS NG-23url=https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/7072access-date=July 31, 2023work=Next Spaceflight}}
The NG-23 mission was the first flight of the extended Cygnus XL spacecraft and the third of four planned missions to fly on a Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket. During the flight, the spacecraft's planned engine burns were unexpectedly cut short, causing a delay in its arrival at the ISS.
25NG-24
*TBA*H1 2026Falcon 9 Block 5XL
Fourth of four missions to fly on a Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket.
26NG-22
*TBA*Antares 330Enhanced
Originally scheduled to fly in January 2025, but delayed until June due to avionics issue. Cargo module damaged during shipment to Cape Canaveral which has indefinitely delayed the launch.
27NG-25
*TBA*2027Antares 330XL
28NG-26
*TBA*2028Antares 330XL
29NG-27
*TBA*2029Antares 330XL

References

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