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Cyanovirin-N

Protein

Protein

Cyanovirin-N (CV-N) is a protein produced by the cyanobacterium Nostoc ellipsosporum that displays virucidal activity against several viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The cyanobacterial protein has strong anti-HIV neutralizing properties. The virucidal activity of CV-N is mediated through specific high-affinity interactions with the viral surface envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp41, as well as high-mannose oligosaccharides found on the HIV envelope. In addition, CV-N is active against rhinoviruses, human parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and enteric viruses. The virucidal activity of CV-N against influenza virus is directed towards viral haemagglutinin.

The blue-green alga Nostoc ellipsosporum naturally contains CV-N. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) in the United States of America carried out the initial isolation and characterization of this protein in 1999. The use of CV-N as an antiviral drug, particularly against HIV, has since been the subject of investigation. Its ability to bind to the HIV-encapsulating glycoprotein gp120 has been demonstrated in several studies, which has led to the development of CV-N-based therapies and preventatives.

Structure

CV-N is a lengthy, mostly beta-sheet protein that displays internal two-fold pseudosymmetry. The fundamental atomic root-mean-square of the two sequence repeats (1-50 and 51-101) differs by 1.3 Å while sharing 32% of the same sequence. The total fold depends on a number of interactions between the two repetitions; therefore, they do not actually belong in separate domains. CV-N has a complex fold of a tandem repeat duplication of two homologous motifs, comprising three-stranded beta-sheet and beta-hairpins.

References

References

  1. (2008). "PEGylation of cyanovirin-N, an entry inhibitor of HIV". Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev..
  2. Dey, Barna, Danica L. Lerner, Paolo Lusso, Michael R. Boyd, John H. Elder, and Edward A. Berger. “Multiple Antiviral Activities of Cyanovirin-N: Blocking of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120 Interaction with CD4 and Coreceptor and Inhibition of Diverse Enveloped Viruses.” Journal of Virology 74, no. 10 (2000): 4562–69. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.74.10.4562-4569.2000.)
  3. (February 2003). "Cyanovirin-N: a sugar-binding antiviral protein with a new twist". Cell. Mol. Life Sci..
  4. (August 2003). "Potent anti-influenza activity of cyanovirin-N and interactions with viral hemagglutinin". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother..
  5. (June 1997). "Discovery of cyanovirin-N, a novel human immunodeficiency virus-inactivating protein that binds viral surface envelope glycoprotein gp120: potential applications to microbicide development". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.
  6. (1998). "Solution structure of cyanovirin-N, a potent HIV-inactivating protein". Nature Structural and Molecular Biology.
  7. (September 2002). "Structures of the complexes of a potent anti-HIV protein cyanovirin-N and high mannose oligosaccharides". J. Biol. Chem..
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antiretroviral-drugs proteins proteomics
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