Crossing-based interface

Goal-crossing tasks

Goal crossing has been little investigated, despite sometimes being used on today's interfaces (e.g., mouse-over effects, hierarchical menus navigation, auto-retractable taskbars and hot corners). Still, several advantages of crossing over pointing have been identified:

• Elongated objects such as hyperlinks are faster to cross than to point.
• Several objects can be crossed at the same time within the same gesture.
• Crossing allows triggering actions when buttons are not available (e.g., while an object is being dragged).
• Crossing-based widgets can be designed to be more compact than pointing-based ones. This may be useful for small display devices.
• Goal crossing is particularly natural on stylus-based devices. On these devices, crossing an object back and forth is easier than double-clicking.
• Crossing can be a good alternative for users who have difficulties with clicking or double-clicking.

There are several other ways of triggering actions in user interfaces, either graphic (gestures) and non-graphic (keyboard shortcuts, speech commands).

Laws of crossing

Variants of Fitts' law have been described for goal-crossing tasks (Accot and Zhai 2002). Fitts' law is seen as a Law of pointing, describing variability in the direction of the pointer's movement. The Law of crossing describes the allowed variability in the direction perpendicular to movement, and the steering law describes movement along a tunnel.

References

• Original work
  • Accot, J. and Zhai, S. (2002). More than dotting the i's - foundations for crossing-based interfaces, in Proc. of CHI'2002: ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Minneapolis, Minnesota, April 2002. pp 73–80.
• Selected subsequent work
  • Apitz, G. and Guimbretière F. (2004). CrossY: a crossing-based drawing application. In Proceedings of the 17th Annual ACM Symposium on User interface Software and Technology (Santa Fe, NM, USA, October 24–27, 2004). UIST '04. ACM Press, New York, NY, 3-12.
  • Dragicevic, P. (2004). Combining crossing-based and paper-based interaction paradigms for dragging and dropping between overlapping windows. In Proceedings of the 17th Annual ACM Symposium on User interface Software and Technology (Santa Fe, NM, USA, October 24–27, 2004). UIST '04. ACM Press, New York, NY, 193-196.