Cornell University

History

Main article: History of Cornell University

19th century

Cornell University was founded on April 27, 1865, by Ezra Cornell, an entrepreneur and New York State senator, and Andrew Dickson White, an educator and fellow state senator. The university was established as New York's land-grant institution following authorization by the New York State Legislature. Ezra Cornell provided his farm in Ithaca, New York, as the initial campus site and contributed $500,000 as an initial endowment (). White agreed to serve as the university's first president.

White oversaw the university's early development, including construction of its first two buildings, and traveled to recruit students and faculty. The university was formally inaugurated on October 7, 1868, with 412 male students enrolling the following day.

Cornell developed as a technologically innovative institution, incorporating academic research into campus infrastructure and outreach. In 1883, it became one of the first electrified universities, employing a water-powered dynamo to light parts of the campus. Since 1894, the university has incorporated state-funded colleges that fulfill statutory requirements, and it administers research and extension programs jointly funded by New York State and the U.S. federal government. In 1872, Cornell became one of the first U.S. universities to allow alumni-elected trustees on its board.

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Cornell was home to literary societies that promoted writing, reading, and oratory. The U.S. Bureau of Education classified several of these societies as following the traditions of literary organizations at Eastern universities.

20th century

In 1967, Cornell experienced a fire in the Residential Club dormitory that killed eight students and one professor. In the late 1960s, Cornell was among the Ivy League universities that experienced heightened student activism related to cultural issues, civil rights, and opposition to U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. In 1969, armed anti–Vietnam War protesters occupied Willard Straight Hall, an incident that led to a restructuring of university governance and forced the resignation of then-president James Alfred Perkins.

Cornell University and its academic programs have routinely ranked among the best in the world. In 1995, the National Research Council ranked Cornell's Ph.D. programs sixth in the nation. It also ranked the academic quality of 18 individual Cornell Ph.D. programs among the top ten nationwide, including astrophysics (ninth), chemistry (sixth), civil engineering (sixth), comparative literature (sixth), computer science (fifth), ecology (fourth), electrical engineering (seventh), English (seventh), French (eighth), geosciences (tenth), German (third), linguistics (ninth), materials science (third), mechanical engineering (seventh), philosophy (ninth), physics (sixth), Spanish (eighth), and statistics/biostatistics (fourth). The council ranked Cornell's College of Arts and Humanities faculty fifth in the nation, its mathematics and physical sciences faculty sixth, and its College of Engineering fifth.

21st century

In 2000, Cornell began expanding its international programs. In 2004, the university opened Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar in Education City in Al Rayyan, Qatar. The university also developed partnerships with academic institutions in India, the People's Republic of China, and Singapore.

In August 2002, a graduate student group, At What Cost?, formed at Cornell to oppose a graduate student unionization drive run by CASE/UAW, an affiliate of the United Auto Workers. The vote to unionize, held in October 2002, was rejected; At What Cost? was considered instrumental in the unusually large 90% turnout and the two-to-one defeat of the proposal, the first time a U.S. graduate school vote on unionization was defeated.

In March 2004, Cornell and Stanford University laid the cornerstone for the building and operation of the "Bridging the Rift Center," located on the border between Israel and Jordan, to be used for education. In 2005, Jeffrey S. Lehman, a former president of Cornell, described the university and its high international profile as a "transnational university".

In November 2025, Cornell agreed to pay $30 million to the federal government and invest $30 million in agricultural research in order to restore $250 million in funding and settle investigations into campus antisemitism and DEI practices.

Campuses

Ithaca campus

Cornell University's main campus is located in Ithaca, New York, on East Hill, offering views of the city and Cayuga Lake. The campus has expanded to approximately 745 acre since its founding, now including multiple academic buildings, laboratories, administrative facilities, athletic centers, auditoriums, museums, and residential areas. In 2011, Travel + Leisure recognized Cornell's campus in Ithaca as one of the most beautiful in the United States, praising its unique blend of architectural styles, historic landmarks, and picturesque surroundings.

The Ithaca campus is characterized by an irregular layout and a mix of architectural styles that developed over time through successive master plans. More ornate buildings generally predate World War II, while later construction reflects modernist and contemporary styles.

Several Cornell University buildings have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places: Andrew Dickson White House, Bailey Hall, Caldwell Hall, the Computing and Communications Center, Morrill Hall, Rice Hall, Fernow Hall, Wing Hall, Llenroc, and Deke House. Morrill Hall has also been designated a National Historic Landmark. Three other listed historic buildings, the original Roberts Hall, East Roberts Hall, and Stone Hall, were demolished in the 1980s to make way for new campus buildings and development.

Central, North, and West campuses

Main article: Cornell Central Campus, Cornell North Campus, Cornell West Campus

The majority of Cornell University's academic and administrative facilities are located on its main campus in Ithaca. Architectural styles range from ornate Collegiate Gothic, Victorian, and Neoclassical buildings to more spare international and modernist structures. Frederick Law Olmsted, designer of Central Park, proposed a "grand terrace" overlooking Cayuga Lake in one of the earliest plans for the development of the campus.

North Campus is primarily residential, with ten residence halls for first- and second-year students and housing for transfer students in the Townhouse Community. The West Campus House System showcases a blend of architectural styles, including Gothic-style buildings and residence halls collectively known as "the Gothics".

In Collegetown, located near the campus in Ithaca, the architectural styles are diverse, reflecting the area's mixed-use nature. The Schwartz Center for the Performing Arts and two upper-level residence halls are surrounded by a variety of apartment buildings, eateries, and businesses.

Natural surroundings

Cornell University's main campus in Ithaca is located in the Finger Lakes region in upstate New York and features views of the city, Cayuga Lake, and surrounding valleys. The campus is bordered by two gorges, Fall Creek Gorge and Cascadilla Gorge. The gorges are popular swimming spots during warmer months, but their use is discouraged by the university and city code due to potential safety hazards. Adjacent to the main campus, Cornell owns the 2800 acre Cornell Botanic Gardens, which feature cultivated gardens, arboretum collections, and natural areas.

Sustainability

Cornell University has implemented several green initiatives designed to promote sustainability and reduce environmental impact, including a gas-fired combined heat and power facility, an on-campus hydroelectric plant, and a lake source cooling system. In 2007, Cornell established a Center for a Sustainable Future. The same year, following a multiyear, cross-campus discussion about energy and sustainability, Cornell's Atkinson Center for Sustainability was established, funded by an $80 million gift from alumnus David R. Atkinson ('60) and his wife Patricia, the largest gift ever received by Cornell from an individual at the time. A subsequent $30 million commitment in 2021 will name a new building on campus.

As of 2020, the university, which committed to achieving net carbon neutrality by 2035, operates six solar farms that provide 28 megawatts of power. Cornell is developing an enhanced geothermal system, known as Earth Source Heating, designed to meet campus heating needs.

In 2023, Cornell was the first university in the nation to commit to Kyoto Protocol emission reductions. The same year, a concert held at Barton Hall by Dead & Company raised $3.1 million for MusiCares and the Cornell 2030 Project, which contributed to establishing the Climate Solutions Fund to catalyze large-scale climate research across the university, administered by the Atkinson Center.

New York City campuses

Weill Cornell

Main article: Weill Cornell Medicine

Cornell's medical campus in New York City, also called Weill Cornell, is on the Upper East Side of Manhattan. It is home to two Cornell divisions, Weill Cornell Medicine, the university's medical school, and Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences. Since 1927, Weill Cornell has been affiliated with NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, one of the nation's largest hospitals. While Cornell's medical school maintains its own faculty and academic divisions, it shares administrative and teaching hospital functions with Columbia University Medical Center. In addition to NewYork-Presbyterian, Cornell's teaching hospitals include the Payne Whitney Clinic in Manhattan and its Westchester Division in White Plains, New York. Weill Cornell Medical College is affiliated with neighboring Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Rockefeller University, and the Hospital for Special Surgery. Many faculty members have joint appointments at these institutions. Weill Cornell, Rockefeller, and Memorial Sloan–Kettering offer the Tri-Institutional MD–PhD Program, which is available to selected entering Cornell medical students. From 1942 to 1979, the Weill Cornell Medical campus also housed the Cornell School of Nursing.

Cornell Tech

Main article: Cornell Tech

On December 19, 2011, Cornell and Technion – Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa won a competition for rights to claim free city land and $100 million in subsidies to build an engineering campus in New York City. The competition, established by former New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg, was designed to increase entrepreneurship and job growth in New York City's technology sector. The winning bid consisted of a 2.1 million square foot state-of-the-art tech campus to be built on Roosevelt Island, on the site of the former Coler Specialty Hospital. The following year, in fall 2012, instruction began at a temporary location in space donated by Google, at 111 Eighth Avenue in Manhattan. In 2014, construction began on the Cornell Tech campus, and the first phase was completed in September 2017. Thom Mayne of Morphosis Architects was selected to design Cornell Tech's first building.

Other New York City programs

In addition to the tech campus and medical center, Cornell maintains local offices in New York City for some of its service programs. The Cornell Urban Scholars Program encourages students to pursue public service careers, arranging assignments with organizations working with New York City's poorest children, families, and communities. The College of Human Ecology and College of Agriculture and Life Sciences enable students to reach out to local communities by gardening and building with the Cornell Cooperative Extension. Students in the School of Industrial and Labor Relations' Extension and Outreach Program make workplace expertise available to organizations, union members, policymakers, and working adults. The College of Engineering's Operations Research Manhattan, located in the city's Financial District, brings together business optimization research and decision support services used in financial applications and public health logistics planning. In 2015, the College of Architecture, Art, and Planning opened an 11,000 square foot, Gensler-designed facility at 26 Broadway in Manhattan's Financial District. The General Electric Building at 570 Lexington Avenue serves as the New York City location for over a dozen additional Cornell University programs, including the New York City headquarters of the School of Industrial and Labor Relations and the New York City branch of the Cornell Cooperative Extension.

Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar

Main article: Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar

In September 2004, Cornell opened the Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar in Education City, near Doha, which is the first U.S. medical school established outside of the United States. The college, which is a joint initiative with the Qatar government, is part of Cornell's efforts to increase its international influence.

The college is partially funded by the Qatar government through the Qatar Foundation, a Qatar state-led non-profit organization, which contributed $750 million for its construction. The medical center is housed in a large two-story structure designed by Arata Isozaki, a Japanese architect. In 2004, the Qatar Foundation announced the construction of a 350-bed specialty teaching hospital near the medical college in Education City, which was to be completed in a few years.

Other facilities

Cornell University owns and operates a variety of off-campus research facilities and offers study abroad and scholarship programs.

Research facilities

Cornell's off-campus research facilities include Shoals Marine Laboratory, a seasonal marine field station on Appledore Island off the Maine–New Hampshire coast, which is operated in conjunction with the University of New Hampshire and focuses on undergraduate education and research. Until 2011, Cornell operated Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico, which was the site of the world's largest single-dish radio telescope.

The university maintains several facilities dedicated to conservation and ecology, including the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station in Geneva, New York, which operates three substations, the Cornell Lake Erie Research and Extension Laboratory in Portland, the Hudson Valley Laboratory in Highland, and the Long Island Horticultural Research Laboratory in Riverhead on Long Island. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology in Ithaca conducts research on biological diversity in birds.

Additional research facilities include the Animal Science Teaching and Research Center, the Duck Research Laboratory, the Cornell Biological Field Station, the Freeville Organic Research Farm, the Homer C. Thompson Vegetable Research Farm, and biodiversity laboratories in Punta Cana in the Dominican Republic and the Peruvian Amazon.

Study abroad and scholarship programs

Cornell offers various study abroad and scholarship programs that allow students to gain experience and earn credit toward their degrees. The "Capital Semester" program offers students the opportunity to intern in the New York State Legislature in Albany, the state capital. The Cornell in Washington program enables students to spend a semester in Washington, D.C., participating in research or internships. The Cornell in Rome program allows students to study architecture, urban studies, and the arts in Rome, Italy. The university is also a member of the Laidlaw Scholars program, which provides funding to undergraduates to conduct internationally focused research and foster leadership skills.

Cooperative extension service

As New York state's land-grant university, Cornell operates a cooperative extension service, which includes 56 offices across the state. These offices provide programs in agriculture and food systems, children, youth and families, community and economic vitality, environment and natural resources, and nutrition and health. The university operates New York's Animal Health Diagnostic Center, which conducts animal disease control and husbandry.

Organization and administration

Cornell University is a nonprofit organization with a decentralized structure in which its 16 colleges, including 12 privately endowed colleges and four publicly supported statutory colleges, exercise significant autonomy to define and manage their respective academic programs, admissions, advising, and confer degrees. Cornell also operates eCornell, which provides online professional development and certificate programs and participates in New York's land-grant, sea-grant, and space-grant programs.

Governance and administration

Cornell University was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature (Chapter 585 of the Laws of 1865) which was later codified into Article 115 (sections 5701 through 5716) of the Education Law of the Consolidated Laws of New York.

Cornell University is governed by a 64-member board of trustees, which includes both privately and publicly appointed trustees appointed by the Governor of New York, alumni-elected trustees, faculty-elected trustees, student-elected trustees, and non-academic staff-elected trustees. The Governor, Temporary President of the Senate, Speaker of the Assembly, and president of the university serve in ex officio voting capacities. The board is responsible for electing a President to serve as the university's chief executive and educational officer. From 2014 to 2022, Robert Harrison served as chairman of the board. He was succeeded by Kraig Kayser. The Board of Trustees holds four regular meetings annually, which are subject to the New York State Open Meetings Law.

The university charter (specifically, paragraph 1.b of section 5703 of the Education Law) provides that one member of the board, the life trustee, is the eldest living lineal descendant of Ezra Cornell. As of 2024, the current and longest-serving life trustee is Ezra Cornell, class of 1971, the great-great-great-grandson of the original Ezra Cornell. He celebrated 50 years of service as a board member in 2019. His eldest daughter Katy Cornell, class of 2001, is expected to become the next life trustee.

On July 1, 2024, Michael Kotlikoff, who served as Cornell's 16th provost, began a two-year term as interim president, succeeding Martha E. Pollack, Cornell's fourteenth president, who announced her retirement in May 2024.

Colleges and academic structure

Cornell's colleges and schools offer a wide range of undergraduate, graduate, and professional programs, including seven undergraduate colleges and seven schools offering graduate and professional programs. All academic departments at Cornell are affiliated with at least one college. Several inter-school academic departments offer courses in more than one college. Students pursuing graduate degrees in these schools are enrolled in Cornell University Graduate School. The School of Continuing Education and Summer Sessions provides additional programs for college and high school students, professionals, and other adults.

Cornell's four statutory colleges include the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Human Ecology, School of Industrial and Labor Relations, and College of Veterinary Medicine. In the 2010–2011 fiscal year, these four colleges received $131.9 million in State University of New York (SUNY) appropriations to support teaching, research, and service missions, making them accountable to SUNY trustees and state agencies. New York residents enrolled in these colleges qualify for discounted tuition; however, their academic activities are considered by New York state to be private and non-state entities.

Cornell's nine privately endowed, non-statutory colleges include the College of Arts and Sciences, College of Architecture, Art, and Planning, College of Engineering, and Nolan School of Hotel Administration, each of which operate independently of state funding and oversight, which grants them greater autonomy in determining their academic programs, admissions, and advising. They also do not offer discounted tuition for New York residents.

As of 2023, among Cornell's 15,182 undergraduate students, 4,602 (30.3%) are affiliated with the College of Arts and Sciences, which is the largest college by enrollment, followed by 3,203 (21.1%) in Engineering, and 3,101 (20.4%) in Agriculture and Life Sciences. The smallest of the seven undergraduate colleges is Architecture, Art, and Planning, with 503 (3.3%) students.

Fundraising and financial support

Philanthropy has played a central role in Cornell University's growth, funding major academic programs, research initiatives, and campus development. As of 2024, the university's endowment stands at $10.7 billion, making it the 14th-largest among U.S. universities. In 2018, Cornell raised $743 million in private donations, ranking third behind Harvard University and Stanford University.

Major single-donor contributions in recent decades have significantly shaped Cornell's professional schools. In 1998, Weill Cornell Medicine was renamed after a $100 million gift from Sanford I. Weill, a 1955 alumnus and former Citibank CEO. By 2013, the Weills' total donations exceeded $600 million. In 2017, Herbert Fisk Johnson III, an alumnus and chairman of S. C. Johnson & Son, donated $150 million to support the Cornell Johnson Graduate School of Management, one of the largest gifts to a business school.

Cornell Tech, the university's technology-focused graduate campus on Roosevelt Island, has received major philanthropic support. In 2011, Chuck Feeney, a 1956 alumnus and founder of DFS Group, became Cornell's largest private donor, contributing $1 billion to fund the campus and other initiatives. In 2015, Irwin M. Jacobs, a 1956 alumnus and Qualcomm founder, and his wife, Joan, donated $133 million to establish the Jacobs Technion-Cornell Institute at Cornell Tech.

Other major gifts have supported research and sustainability efforts. In 2010, David and Patricia Atkinson donated $80 million to establish the Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future, funding research on environmental and sustainability challenges.

Academics

Cornell is a large and primarily residential research university, and a majority of its students are enrolled in undergraduate programs. Since 1921, the university has been accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education and its predecessor. Cornell operates on a 4–1–4 academic calendar, with the fall term beginning in late August and ending in early December, a three-week winter session in January, and the spring term beginning in late January and ending in early May.

Cornell is a land-, space-, and sea-grant university, and until 2014 was a sun-grant university as well.

Undergraduate admissions

Admission to Cornell University is highly competitive. In fall 2022, Cornell's undergraduate programs for the Class of 2026 received 71,164 applications, of which 5,168 (6.9%) were accepted. For enrolling first-year students, the middle-50% range for SAT evidence-based reading and writing was 700–760 and for mathematics was 750–800; the middle-50% range for the ACT composite was 33–35.

The university attracts a diverse student body. In 2022, the proportion of admitted students who self-identify as underrepresented minorities increased to 34.2%, up from 33.7% in 2021, and 59.3% self-identify as students of color, up from 52.5% in 2017 and 57.2% in 2020. Among the 5,168 admitted in 2022, 1,163 were first-generation college students, up from 844 in 2020. The university practices need-blind admission for U.S. applicants.

Financial aid

Cornell University, under Section 9 of its original charter, ensures equal access to education by admitting students without distinction based on rank, class, occupation, or locality. The charter also mandates free instruction for one student from each Assembly district in New York State.

From the 1950s to the 1980s, Cornell collaborated with other Ivy League institutions to establish a uniform financial aid system. Although a 1989 consent decree ended this collaboration due to an antitrust investigation, all Ivy League schools still offer need-based financial aid without athletic scholarships. In December 2010, Cornell pledged to match the grant component of financial aid offers from the seven other Ivy League schools and MIT and Stanford for accepted applicants considering these institutions.

In 2008, Cornell introduced a financial aid initiative that incrementally replaced need-based loans with scholarships for undergraduate students from lower-income families. Despite a 27% drop in the university's endowment in 2008, attributable partly to the 2008 financial crisis, Cornell president David J. Skorton allocated additional funds to continue the initiative and sought to raise $125 million in donations for its support. In 2010, Cornell met the full financial aid needs of 40% of full-time first-year students with financial need. The average undergraduate student debt upon graduation, as of 2010, was $21,549.

International programs

Academic programs and study abroad opportunities

Cornell offers a wide range of undergraduate majors with an international focus, including African Studies, Asian-Pacific American Studies, French Studies, German Studies, Jewish Studies, Latino Studies, Near Eastern Studies, Romance Studies, and Russian Literature. Students have the opportunity to study abroad on six continents through various programs.

The Asian Studies major, the Southeast Asia Program, and the China and Asia-Pacific Studies (CAPS) major provide opportunities for students and researchers focusing on Asia. Cornell has an agreement with Peking University that allows CAPS students to spend a semester in Beijing.

In the Middle East, Cornell's efforts are centered on biology and medicine. The Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar trains new doctors to improve health services in the region. The university is also involved in developing the Bridging the Rift Center, a “Library of Life,” a database of all living systems, on the Israel–Jordan border, in collaboration with those two countries and Stanford University.

The university has agreements with several institutions around the world for student and faculty exchange programs, including Bocconi University, the University of Warwick, Japan's National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, the University of the Philippines Los Baños, and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research.

Joint degree programs

Cornell offers several joint degree programs with international universities. The university is the only U.S. member school of the Global Alliance in Management Education, and its master's in international management program offers the Global Alliance's Master's in International Management (CEMS MIM) as a double-degree option, enabling students to study at one of 34 Global Alliance partner universities. Cornell has partnered with Queen's University in Ontario to offer a joint Executive MBA program, which affords its graduates MBA degrees from both universities. Cornell also offers an international consulting course in association with the Indian Institute of Management Bangalore.

Rankings

Cornell University has been routinely ranked among the top academic institutions in the nation and world by independent ranking assessments. In 2024, Cornell was ranked 10th in the U.S. and 12th in the world by QS World University Rankings and 20th in the world by Times Higher Education World University Rankings. The university has garnered praise for its contributions to research, community service, social mobility, and sustainability, evidenced by its placement in The Washington Monthly and The Princeton Review rankings.

In its annual edition of “America's Best Architecture & Design Schools,” the journal Design Intelligence ranked Cornell's Bachelor of Architecture program best in the nation for much of the 21st century, including from 2000 to 2002, 2005 to 2007, 2009 to 2013, and 2015 to 2016. In its 2011 survey, the program ranked first and the Master of Architecture program ranked sixth nationally. In 2017, Design Intelligence ranked Cornell's Master of Landscape Architecture program fourth in the nation and its Bachelor of Science in Landscape Architecture program fifth nationally.

Among business schools in the U.S., Forbes ranked the Cornell Johnson Graduate School of Management ninth nationally in 2019. In 2020, The Washington Post ranked the school eighth for salary potential, and Poets & Quants ranked it 13th nationally, fourth in the nation for investment banking, and sixth globally for salary. The Cornell Johnson Graduate School of Management was ranked 11th nationally by Bloomberg Businessweek in 2019, and 11th nationally and 14th globally by The Economist. In 2013, the Johnson school was ranked second for sustainability by Bloomberg Businessweek.

Cornell's international relations program is ranked among the best in the world by Foreign Policy magazine's Inside the Ivory Tower survey, which ranked Cornell's undergraduate program 12th and its doctorate program 11th in 2012. In 2015, Cornell was ranked third among New York colleges and universities for professor salaries.

Library

Main article: Cornell University Library

As of 2020, Cornell University Library, with more than 10 million holdings, is the 13th-largest academic library in the United States. As of 2005, the library is organized into 20 divisions, which hold 7.5 million printed volumes in open stacks, 8.2 million microfilm and microfiche items, a total of 440,000 maps, motion pictures, DVDs, sound recordings, and computer files, and extensive digital resources and the University Archives. It was the first among U.S. colleges and universities to allow undergraduates to borrow books from its libraries. and in 2009, it climbed to sixth. The library plays an active role in furthering online archiving of scientific and historical documents. arXiv, an e-print archive created at Los Alamos National Laboratory by Paul Ginsparg, is operated and primarily funded by Cornell as part of the library's services, and has changed the way many physicists and mathematicians communicate, making the e-print a viable and popular means of announcing new research.

Cornell University Press

Main article: Cornell University Press

Cornell University Press, established in 1869 but inactive from 1884 to 1930, was the first university publishing enterprise in the United States. As of 2024, it is one of the country's largest university presses,

Academic publications

Cornell's academic units and student groups publish multiple scholarly journals, including at least five faculty-led and seven student-led publications. Faculty-led publications include the Johnson School's Administrative Science Quarterly, the ILR School's Industrial and Labor Relations Review, the Arts and Sciences Philosophy Department's The Philosophical Review, the College of Architecture, Art, and Planning's Journal of Architecture, and the Law School's Journal of Empirical Legal Studies. Student-led scholarly publications include Cornell Law Review, the Cornell Institute for Public Affairs' Cornell Policy Review, the Cornell International Law Journal, the Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy, and Cornell International Affairs Review. Physical Review, recognized internationally as one of the best-known journals of physics, was founded at Cornell in 1893 before later being managed by the American Physical Society.

Research

Cornell University is classified among “R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity.” The National Science Foundation ranked Cornell 14th among U.S. universities for R&D expenditures in 2021, at $1.18 billion. The Department of Health and Human Services and the National Science Foundation are the primary federal sponsors, accounting for 49.6% and 24.4% of federal support, respectively. Cornell is ranked fourth worldwide for producing graduates who pursue PhDs in engineering or natural sciences at American institutions and fifth for graduates pursuing PhDs in any field.

Science, technology, and engineering research

Cornell has contributed to nuclear and high-energy physics, space exploration, automotive safety, and computing technology. It regularly ranks among top U.S. universities for patenting and startup formation. In 2004–05, Cornell filed 203 U.S. patent applications, completed 77 license agreements, and distributed more than $4.1 million in royalties to units and inventors; in 2009 it spent $671 million on science and engineering R&D, 16th nationally.

Cornell has participated in uncrewed Mars missions since 1962 and played a leading role in the Mars Exploration Rover mission. Its researchers helped discover the rings of Uranus and operated the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico until 2011, then home to the world’s largest single-dish radio telescope.

Founded in 1952, the Automotive Crash Injury Research Center pioneered modern crash test research, including early cadaver studies that informed seat belts, energy-absorbing steering wheels, padded dashboards, and improved door locks.

Cornell has also advanced parallel computing and research cyberinfrastructure. In the 1980s it deployed the first IBM 3090-400VF and coupled two 3090-600E systems; the Cornell University Center for Advanced Computing emerged from the NSF supercomputer centers initiative and later launched Red Cloud, a research-focused cloud now integrated with the NSF’s Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE).

In high-energy physics, Cornell built the second U.S. cyclotron in the 1930s, became the first to study synchrotron radiation in the 1950s, and operates the Cornell Electron Storage Ring beneath Alumni Field, once the world’s highest-luminosity electron–positron collider. Faculty including Hans Bethe contributed to the Manhattan Project. Cornell groups participate in the design of the proposed International Linear Collider, envisioned to complement the Large Hadron Collider and probe questions related to dark matter and extra dimensions.

Philosophical research

The Sage School of Philosophy was founded in 1891 with support from Henry W. Sage in memory of Susan Linn Sage; that year it also launched The Philosophical Review, one of the first sustained U.S. journals devoted to philosophy. Notable scholars have included Max Black, Edwin A. Burtt, Norman Malcolm, John Rawls, George Holland Sabine, and Gregory Vlastos. In a 2024 reputation ranking by the Philosophical Gourmet, the Sage School ranked 16th in the U.S. (of 57). As of 2024, faculty include Tad Brennan, John Doris, Rachana Kamtekar, Kate Manne, Julia Markovits, Andrei Marmor, Shaun Nichols, and Derk Pereboom.

Student life

Activities

As of 2016–2017, Cornell had over 1,000 registered student organizations, spanning club and varsity sports, performing arts (including multiple a cappella groups), political and cultural groups, media, games, and outdoor clubs. The Cornell International Affairs Society fields a traveling Model UN team and hosts a large high school conference; the Cornell University Mock Trial Association regularly qualifies for national competition.

Cornell United Religious Work coordinates programming across faith traditions; the Cornell Catholic Community is the largest single religious student organization. Music groups include a symphony orchestra, concert bands, and choral ensembles, including the Glee Club and the Chordials. The Big Red Marching Band performs at athletic and campus events.

Founded in 1868, the Cornell University Glee Club is Cornell’s oldest student organization. Cornell Outdoor Education and Outdoor Odyssey run outdoor courses and pre-orientation trips; the Cornell Astronomical Society hosts public observing nights at Fuertes Observatory. The university is home to Telluride House and three long-standing honor societies: Sphinx Head, Der Hexenkreis, and Quill and Dagger.

Cornell’s student governments—the Student Assembly and the Graduate and Professional Student Assembly—collectively allocate about $3.0 million annually to support clubs and organizations.

Greek life, professional, and honor societies

Main article: List of Cornell University fraternities and sororities

Cornell hosts a large fraternity and sorority system with about 70 chapters; roughly 33% of men and 24% of women participate. Zeta Psi was chartered during Cornell’s first year. Alpha Phi Alpha, the first intercollegiate fraternity established for African Americans, was founded at Cornell in 1906. Alpha Zeta (1890) was the first Greek-letter organization founded in the U.S. for Latin Americans. La Unidad Latina, Lambda Upsilon Lambda (1982), later became the only Latino-based fraternity with chapters at all Ivy League institutions; Lambda Pi Chi (1988) was the first Latina-based (not Latina-exclusive) sorority founded at an Ivy League university.

Many Cornell chapters are among the oldest in their national organizations. The Alpha Delta Phi chapter house (1877) is believed to be the first U.S. building constructed solely for fraternity use; the chapter’s current home was designed by John Russell Pope. The Greek system reports substantial annual community service and philanthropy; serious conduct matters are handled by the university’s judicial processes.

Press and radio===

Student-run newspapers include The Cornell Daily Sun, an independent daily, and The Cornell Review, a conservative biweekly. Other outlets include The Cornell Lunatic (humor), the Cornell Chronicle (university paper of record), and Kitsch Magazine, co-published with Ithaca College. The Cornellian, an independent organization, publishes the yearbook, which has received the Silver Crown Award for Journalism and the Benjamin Franklin Award for Print Design. Students also operate WVBR-FM, an independent commercial FM station, and various internet streams.

Housing

Cornell’s residential system comprises North Campus, West Campus, and Collegetown. Coeducational housing began in 1971, and the university maintains a system of residential advisors. A 1997 initiative designated West Campus primarily for upper-level students and North Campus for first-years and some sophomores. In 2022, the North Campus Residential Expansion added beds for about 800 sophomores.

West Campus incorporates a residential college system developed through a $250 million project, influenced in part by Risley Residential College. Other options include Schuyler House (a former part of Sage Infirmary).

Greek chapters house roughly 9% of undergraduates. First-semester freshmen are ineligible for membership. Independent options include the student-run Telluride House, the Center for Jewish Living, and several cooperative residences.

Dining

, The Princeton Review ranked Cornell’s dining program fifth in the nation. The university operates 29 dining facilities across campus. On North Campus, Morrison Dining and North Star Dining at Appel Commons serve as primary venues for first-year students. Risley Residential College includes a historic dining hall modeled on the great hall at Christ Church, Oxford.

Athletics

Main article: Cornell Big Red

Cornell’s 35 varsity intercollegiate teams compete in NCAA Division I as the Cornell Big Red, primarily in the Ivy League and the Eastern College Athletic Conference (ECAC). Teams frequently contend nationally in men’s wrestling, men’s lacrosse, men’s ice hockey, and rowing. As an Ivy member, Cornell does not award athletic scholarships.

Football claimed at least a share of the national championship four times before 1940 and has won three Ivy titles, most recently in 1990. In 2010, men’s basketball reached the NCAA “Sweet 16,” the first Ivy team to do so since 1979.

Cornell Outdoor Education

Cornell runs one of the largest collegiate outdoor education programs in the U.S., serving over 20,000 people annually with more than 130 courses (e.g., backpacking, caving, climbing, sailing). COE also runs the student-led pre-orientation program Outdoor Odyssey. Most COE classes are taught by paid student instructors and count toward the physical education requirement. The Lindseth Climbing Wall was renovated in 2016 to 8,000 sq ft of climbing surface (from 4,800 sq ft).

Cornelliana

Main article: Cornelliana

Cornelliana refers to Cornell traditions, legends, and lore. Traditions include Slope Day and Dragon Day, one of the oldest campus events (founded 1901 and usually held near St. Patrick’s Day). First-year architecture students build and parade a dragon around central campus, followed by upper-class architecture students in costume; the historic bonfire has been discontinued due to environmental regulations.

Campus lore includes myths about statues on the Arts Quad and a “kissing bridge” on North Campus. Notable pranks include a 60-pound pumpkin and a disco ball mysteriously placed atop the 173-foot McGraw Tower spire; the tower is lit seasonally and plays music.

School colors are carnelian and white; the unofficial mascot is a bear, dating to the live bear “Touchdown” introduced in 1915. The alma mater is “Far Above Cayuga’s Waters,” and the fight song is “Give My Regards to Davy.” Students and alumni are “Cornellians.”

Health

Cornell provides professional and peer counseling services, and on-campus outpatient care through Cornell Health (formerly Gannett Health Services), with emergency and residential services provided by Cayuga Medical Center. Historically, Cornell maintained residential infirmary care, including at the former Sage Infirmary. Cornell offers reproductive health and family-planning services and operates a student-run Emergency Medical Service (CUEMS) that responds on campus and provides training.

In 2009–10, six student deaths by gorge jumping drew national attention. Temporary bridge fences were followed by installation of means-restriction nets on five bridges in 2013. Prior to that cluster, Cornell’s suicide rate had been similar to or below that of peer U.S. universities, including 2005–2008 when no suicides occurred.

Campus police

Cornell University Police are New York State peace officers with authority equivalent to municipal police in Ithaca. They provide 24/7 patrols, emergency response, crime prevention, investigations, and enforcement of state laws and campus regulations.

Notable people

Alumni ===

Main article: List of Cornell University alumni

As of 2024, Cornell had more than 250,000 living alumni, including 34 Marshall Scholars and 31 Rhodes Scholars. Alumni maintain ties through homecoming, Cornell Magazine, and the Cornell Club of New York. In 2015, Cornell ranked fifth among U.S. institutions for alumni gifts and bequests.

Representative alumni across fields include heads of state Lee Teng-hui, Tsai Ing-wen, Mario García Menocal, and Jamshid Amuzegar; U.S. officials Janet Reno and Ruth Bader Ginsburg; inventors Willis Carrier and Robert Moog; authors Thomas Pynchon and E. B. White; entertainers Bill Nye and Christopher Reeve; and sportspeople Pop Warner and Ken Dryden.

Faculty

Main article: List of Cornell University faculty

Cornell faculty members, researchers, and alumni include 62 Nobel laureates. [[File:Cornell1916Faculty.jpg|thumb|Cornell University's faculty in 1916]] , Cornell had 1,637 full- and part-time professional faculty on the main campus, excluding those affiliated with Weill Cornell Medical College.

Notable current and former faculty include Hans Bethe, Frances Perkins, Charles Evans Hughes, Georgios Papanikolaou, Carl Sagan, M. H. Abrams, Vladimir Nabokov, Henry Louis Gates Jr., and Ray Wu.

Notes

References

References

1. (1913). "The Celebration of the Two Hundred and Fiftieth Anniversary of the Royal Society of London, July 15-19, 1912". Royal Society.
2. "Cornell University Mission". Cornell University.
3. "Consolidated Financial Statements: June 30, 2023 and 2022". Cornell University.
4. (1 February 2025). "Student Enrollment". Cornell University.
5. "Cornell University".
6. (2014). "Cornell: a history, 1940-2015". Cornell University Press.
7. (21 August 2007). "C.U. Motto Earns Top Rank". The Cornell Daily Sun.
8. "Cornell University".
9. "Colleges and Schools". Cornell University.
10. "Statistics". [[Marshall Scholarship]].
11. "Wealth-X Applied Wealth Intelligence".
12. Hess, Abigail. (29 November 2018). "University of Wisconsin produced the most current Fortune 500 CEOs — here's how 29 other schools stack up". CNBC.
13. (Oct 2009). "Factbook". Cornell University.
14. "Nobel laureates affiliated with Cornell University". Cornell News Service.
15. "Uncle Ezra". Cornell University.
16. (1865). "[[Laws of New York]]". Laws of the State of New York Passed at the Sessions of the Legislature.
17. Becker, Carl L.. (1943). "Cornell University: Founders and the Founding". Cornell University Press.
18. "How old is Cornell?". Cornell University.
19. "The Early History of District Energy at Cornell University". Cornell University.
20. Gelber, Sidney. (2001). "Politics and Public Higher Education in New York State: Stony Brook: A Case History". P. Lang.
21. "About Us". Cornell University Cooperative Extension.
22. (1905). "Cornell University: A History". University Publishing Society.
23. (1900). "Circular of Information of the Bureau of Education, for ...". U.S. Government Printing Office.
24. Downs, Donald Alexander. (1999). "Cornell '69: Liberalism and the crisis of the American university". Cornell University Press.
25. "National Research Council Report on Quality in Ph.D. Education in the U.S.". UC Berkeley Graduate Publications.
26. Ronald G. Ehrenberg and Peter J. Hurst, "The 1995 NRC ratings of doctoral programs," ''Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning'' 28.3 (1996): 46–54.
27. "Cornell Medical College in Qatar". Cornell University.
28. (21 July 2005). "Cornell president joins Indian prime minister to open new chapter in science education". Cornell News Service.
29. "Hotel School, Singapore university establish joint master's program". Cornell News Service.
30. "Rawlings heads to China to sign partnership agreement and deliver keynote address at economic summit in Beijing". Cornell News Service.
31. Delwiche, Anna. (25 October 2016). "'At what cost?' Group challenges unilateral actions, exclusivity of grad student union campaign". [[The Cornell Daily Sun]].
32. (16 October 2016). "Cornell graduate students would each pay nearly $400 to NYSUT/AFT yearly".
33. (24 October 2016). "Dues without democracy: AFT Unions require extra dues for voting rights?".
34. Brand, David. (9 March 2004). "Lehman leads CU group to desert to promote education – and peace". Cornell University News Service.
35. Jaschik, Scott. (13 June 2005). "Sudden departure at Cornell". [[Inside Higher Education]].
36. Speri, Alice. (2025-11-07). "Cornell University settles with Trump administration to restore $250m in funds". The Guardian.
37. Jones II, Arthur. "Cornell University agrees to pay $60M in deal with Trump administration over frozen research funds".
38. Moody, Josh. "Cornell Settles With the Trump Administration".
39. "Cornell University". US News.
40. "Cornell University – The Ithaca Campus". Cornell University.
41. (September 2011). "America's most beautiful college campuses".
42. (1980). "A Century at Cornell". [[The Cornell Daily Sun]].
43. "Campus Buildings and Landmarks with Historic Designations". Cornell University.
44. "Historic Designations".
45. {{NRISref. 2008a
46. Parsons, Kermit C.. (1968). "The Cornell Campus: A History of its Planning and Development". Cornell University Press.
47. "Residence Halls".
48. "West Campus House System".
49. "Housing – Cascadilla Hall". Cornell University.
50. "Sheldon Court". Cornell University.
51. "Collegetown". City of Ithaca.
52. (23 August 2013). "Cornell offering free shuttle buses to Buttermilk Falls State Park for two weekends". 14850 Today.
53. "Explore Cornell – Natural Beauty – Campus Gardens". Cornell University.
54. Steele, Bill. (22 January 2010). "Cornell moves beyond coal with combined heat and power plant". Cornell Chronicle.
55. "Hydroelectric Plant".
56. "Lake Source Cooling : An Idea Whose Time Has Come".
57. "About the Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future".
58. "Atkinsons' $30M gift to name multidisciplinary building {{!}} Cornell Chronicle".
59. (August 2016). "2016 Climate Neutral Campus Energy Alternatives Report". Senior Leaders Climate Action Group (SLCAG).
60. "Renewable Energy {{!}} Sustainable Campus".
61. Cathles L.M. "Hydrologic challenges to heating Cornell using Earth Source Heat (ESH) and a strategy for meeting them" Cornell University. 10 February 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
62. (25 September 2023). "Cornell Administration Reaches Agreement with Cornell Kyoto Now! Students {{!}} Sustainable Campus".
63. (14 July 2023). "Dead & Company's Barton Hall concert raised over $3 million for charity – 97.1fm The Drive – WDRV Chicago".
64. "Dead & Co concert proceeds fund climate solutions {{!}} Cornell Chronicle".
65. "About us". Cornell University.
66. "About us". [[NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital.
67. "Psychiatry and Mental Health". [[NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital.
68. "Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan-Kettering | Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program". Med.cornell.edu.
69. "New York Hospital Training School for Nurses (Cornell University-New York Hospital School of Nursing)". Cornell University.
70. "'Game-changing' tech campus goes to Cornell, Technion". Cornell University.
71. Harris, Elizabeth. (13 September 2017). "High Tech and High Design, Cornell's Roosevelt Island Campus Opens". The New York Times.
72. "Cornell Urban Scholars Program". Cornell University.
73. "Cornell Cooperative Extension – About Extension". Cornell University.
74. "ILR: Extension & Outreach Program". Cornell University.
75. "Operations Research Manhattan". Cornell University.
76. Aloi, Daniel. (9 April 2015). "Bird's-eye view of NYC for Architecture, Art and Planning". Cornell University Press Office.
77. "570 Lexington Avenue". Cornell University.
78. "Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar". Cornell News Service.
79. "Cornell, Qatar and Hamas". The Cornell Daily Sun.
80. "Colleges, Schools, and Faculties". Cornell University.
81. "International Gateway". Cornell University.
82. "Welcome – Our Mission". Cornell University.
83. "Aricebo Observatory". National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center.
84. "Cornell Lake Erie Research and Extension Laboratory". Cornell University.
85. "Hudson Valley Research Laboratory". Cornell University.
86. "Other sites". Cornell University.
87. "About Us, Annual Report, Staff Directory, Visit, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". Cornell University.
88. "Facilities – Department of Animal Science". Cornell University.
89. "Duck Research Laboratory". International Duck Research Cooperative, Inc..
90. "Cornell Biological Field Station". Cornell University.
91. "Biodiversity lab in Punta Cana expands into a new consortium". Cornell News Service.
92. "Cornell Undergraduate Research Program on Biodiversity". Cornell University.
93. "Cornell in Washington". Cornell University.
94. "Cornell in Rome". Cornell University.
95. "Laidlaw Leadership and Research Program". Mario Einaudi Center for International Studies.
96. "Cornell Cooperative Extension – About Extension". Cornell University.
97. "NYS Animal Health Diagnostic Center at the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine". Cornell University.
98. "About eCornell". Cornell University.
99. "NYSG: What is New York Sea Grant?". New York Sea Grant.
100. "New York NASA Space Grant Consortium". Cornell University.
101. (22 May 2002). "Charter of Cornell University".
102. (12 May 1981). "Trustees Discuss Role Students Play on Board". The Cornell Daily Sun.
103. "Bylaws of Cornell University". Board of Trustees, Cornell University.
104. New York State Education Law §5703.
105. Kelley, Susan. "Robert Harrison elected next chair of Cornell's board, succeeding Peter Meinig". Cornell Chronicle.
106. Jon Landsman. (27 May 1981). "Court Rules Against C.U. In Open Meetings Appeal University Limits Public Access". The Cornell Daily Sun.
107. (13 February 2024). "A Conversation with Life Trustee Ezra Cornell '70, BS '71". Cornellians.
108. "Moving Cornell forward together {{!}} University Statements {{!}} Cornell University".
109. Lefkowitz, Melanie. (9 May 2024). "After 'transformational' tenure, Pollack to retire June 30".
110. "School of Continuing Education and Summer Sessions". Cornell University.
111. "State University of New York 2010–2011 Budget".
112. Ramanujan, Krishna. (17 April 2007). "State budget pleases CU administrators". The Cornell Chronicle.
113. Graffeo, Victoria A.. (17 February 2005). "3 No. 14: In the Matter of Jeremy W. Alderson v. New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at Cornell University, et al.". [[Cornell University Law School]].
114. Spitzer, Eliot. (14 September 2005). "Agreements between state agencies and Cornell University to procure academic services from the statutory or contract colleges administered by Cornell should be regarded as contracts between a state party and a non-state party.". New York State.
115. (28 October 2025). "University endowment gains 12.3% in FY 2025". Cornell University News Service.
116. (15 November 2018). "Cornell Takes Ninth Place for Most Donated-To Non-Profit Nationally with $743 Million".
117. "Weill Cornell Medical College Receives $100 Million Gift from Joan and Sanford I. Weill and the Weill Family Foundation to Launch New Capital Campaign".
118. "$150M gift founds Cornell SC Johnson College of Business".
119. (19 December 2011). "Cornell Alumnus is Behind $350 Million Gift to Build Science School in City". The New York Times.
120. (22 April 2013). "Cornell Tech – Joan and Irwin Jacobs Announce $133-Million Naming Gift for Technion-Cornell".
121. (30 November 2001). "Atkinson '60 Gives $80 Million to Fund Center for a Sustainable Future".
122. "Institution Profile – Cornell University". Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.
123. "Accreditation Overview". Division of Planning and Budget, Cornell University.
124. "Academic Calendar 2010–2011 – 2014–2015". Cornell University.
125. "Northeast SunGrant Initiative".
126. (19 September 2022). "University Factbook – Undergraduate Admissions".
127. "Profile: Class of 2025".
128. Wilensky, Joe. (7 April 2021). "Accepted Class of 2025 impresses during 'a year like no other'".
129. Victor, Jon. (24 February 2016). "Cornell changes to need-aware policy". Yale Daily News.
130. (1868). "Report of the Commissioner of Education, with circulars and documents accompanying the same". [[United States Department of Education]] / U.S. Government Printing Office.
131. "2005–06 Financial Plan". Cornell University.
132. "NCAA Rules: A guide for Ivy Alumni and Friends of Athletics". [[Ivy League]].
133. (7 December 2010). "Cornell to match financial aid offers of peer universities". Cornell Chronicle.
134. Cross, Sam. (5 December 2008). "C.U.'s New Aid Plan Will Help During Econ. Crisis". The Cornell Daily Sun.
135. Skorton, David. (25 January 2009). "Trustees approve budget cuts to safeguard strength of Cornell". Cornell University.
136. "College Search – Cornell University". College Board.
137. "Cornell Abroad – University & Program Choices". Cornell University.
138. "Cornell China major sealed in Beijing as Rawlings signs agreement with Peking University". Cornell News Service.
139. "Purpose and Mission". Cornell University.
140. "Cornell and Stanford to work with Israel and Jordan on Bridging the Rift research center to include world's first databank for all living systems". Cornell News Service.
141. "Japanese officials sign agreement". Cornell News Service.
142. "Susan Henry continues Asia tour; signs agreement with Los Baños". Cornell News Service.
143. "Cornell and India sign new agreement for agricultural development". Cornell News Service.
144. "Johnson School – Boardroom Executive MBA". Cornell University.
145. "NBA5760 – International Consulting Practicum – Acalog ACMS™".
146. (25 August 2016). "QS World University Rankings® 2016/17". QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited.
147. "World University Rankings 2016–2017".
148. "2023 National Universities Rankings".
149. "Cornell University Architecture Program No. 1". Cornell University.
150. "DesignIntelligence 2011 Landscape Architecture Program Rankings". ASLA.
151. "Penn State and Kansas State rise up the Best American Landscape Architecture Schools lists". World Landscape Architecture.
152. "Samuel Curtis Johnson Graduate School of Management".
153. "Cornell University's Samuel Curtis Johnson Graduate School of Management – Poets and Quants".
154. Schmitt, Jeff. (2 February 2016). "Best MBAs For I-Banking Jobs – Page 2 of 2".
155. Byrne, John A.. (20 January 2016). "What Graduating MBAs Made In 2015 – Page 3 of 3".
156. "Cornell (Johnson) – Best Business Schools 2019–20". Bloomberg.com.
157. "Cornell University – Samuel Curtis Johnson Graduate School of Management MBA Ranking". The Economist.
158. (22 January 2013). "MBA Rankings: Top Schools for Sustainability". Bloomberg.com.
159. Avey. (Jan–Feb 2012). "Ivory Tower". Foreign Policy.
160. "TRIP Around the World: Teaching, Research, and Policy Views of International Relations Faculty in 20 Countries". College of William & Mary.
161. Tumulty, Brian. (13 April 2015). "Half of N.Y. colleges pay profs less than $100K". Ithaca Journal.
162. "Top Twenty University Research Libraries Ranked By Number of Volumes Held". Association of Research Libraries.
163. "Cornell University Library: Annual Report 2005". Cornell University Library.
164. "The Best 361 Colleges Rankings". The Princeton Review.
165. "The Best 361 Colleges Rankings". The Princeton Review.
166. (21 January 2010). "Cornell University Library Engages More Institutions in Supporting arXiv". Cornell University Library.
167. Bishop, Morris. (1962). "A history of Cornell". Cornell University Press.
168. "The History of the Cornell University Press". Cornell University Press.
169. "Administrative Science Quarterly (ASQ)".
170. "Journal of Empirical Legal Studies". Wiley.
171. "Carnegie Classifications Institution Lookup". Center for Postsecondary Education.
172. (15 December 2022). "Universities Report Largest Growth in Federally Funded R&D Expenditures since FY 2011 {{!}} NSF - National Science Foundation".
173. Zalaznick, Matt. (6 January 2023). "Billion-dollar business: These are higher ed's top 30 R&D performers".
174. "Federally funded R&D expenditures, by federal agency: 2017–08". National Science Foundation.
175. "Chinese Schools Are Top Feeders for U.S. Doctorates".
176. "Facts about Cornell – Marks of Distinction". Cornell University.
177. "Cornell's role in missions to Mars: 1962–2003". Cornell News Service.
178. "Father of Spirit and Opportunity".
179. (1977). "The Rings of Uranus". Nature.
180. "Home Page". National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center.
181. "Calspan Company History and Timeline". Calspan Corp.
182. (April 2012). "Cornell University Center for Advanced Computing History and Awards". Cornell University.
183. "Cornell's laboratory is at the crossroads". CERN Courier.
184. "Accelerator Physics: Cornell Electron Storage Ring". Cornell University.
185. "Accelerator Physics". Cornell University.
186. "History of the Sage School | Sage School of Philosophy".
187. "Overall rankings".
188. "College Scorecard: Cornell University". [[United States Department of Education]].
189. "SAO". Cornell University.
190. "Cornell Mock Trial". American Mock Trial Association.
191. "Cornell International Affairs Society". Cornell University.
192. Dieckmann, Jane. (12 September 2014). "Ensemble X is Back with Three Concerts – Ithaca Times : Entertainment". Ithaca.com.
193. "Wind Ensembles of Cornell University's Department of Music". CU Winds.
194. "Cornell University Department of Music » Choral Ensembles". Music.cornell.edu.
195. "Co-ed A Cappella".
196. "Cornell University Big Red Marching Band – History". Cornell University.
197. "Cornell University Glee Club". Cornell University.
198. ""The Sphinx Head: A Senior Society Recently Formed" The Cornell Daily Sun, January 13th, 1891, p.3". Cdsun.library.cornell.edu.
199. (23 July 2002). "Dear Uncle Ezra".
200. (16 February 2006). "Dear Uncle Ezra".
201. "Cornell Assemblies SA Activity Fee". Cornell University.
202. "Cornell Assemblies GPSA Activity Fee". Cornell University.
203. "Go Greek!". Scorpion TKE.
204. "Fraternity & Sorority Advisory Council Annual Report 2004–2005". Cornell University.
205. "Cornell Fraternities!".
206. (21 November 2019). "Solar Flashback: It's All Greek to Me — A History of Greek Life Policies at Cornell".
207. (7 November 1923). "Negro Fraternities Have Had Rapid Growth". The Cornell Daily Sun.
208. Wesley, Charles H.. (1981). "The History of Alpha Phi Alpha, A Development in College Life". Foundation.
209. Fajardo, Oliver. (2015). "A brief history of international Latin American student fraternities – a movement that lasted 86 years (1889–1975)". Journal of Hispanic Higher Education.
210. (19 February 1982). "The story of LUL". La Unidad Latina, Lambda Upsilon Lambda Fraternity.
211. (16 October 2012). "Lambda Facts". La Unidad Latina, Lambda Upsilon Lambda Fraternity.
212. (16 April 1988). "The Official Website". Latinas Promoviendo Comunidad / Lambda Pi Chi Sorority.
213. (11 February 1929). "The Cornell Chapter". Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity.
214. "Compendium of facts about Cornell". Cornell University.
215. "About Us & Station History". [[WVBR-FM]].
216. "The Residential Initiative: North Campus". Cornell University.
217. (7 December 2022). "Cornell University builds massive student housing complex to accommodate planned enrollment growth".
218. "Housing initiative to finish two years early". [[The Cornell Daily Sun]].
219. Kantrowitz, Barbara. (5 February 1970). "Risley may become house for create arts study". The Cornell Daily Sun.
220. "Schuyler House". Cornell University.
221. "School Rankings – Best Campus Food".
222. "Cornell Dining – Where to Eat". Cornell University.
223. "Living at Cornell".
224. "Headlines".
225. "About ECAC". [[Eastern College Athletic Conference]].
226. "Now What? A Look at Athletics in the Offseason". The Cornell Daily Sun.
227. (2006). "Past Division I-A Football National Champions". NCAA.
228. (2005). "Cornell out to snap Crimson's Ivy win streak".
229. "1990 Ivy League Football Record".
230. (21 March 2010). "Decisive win over Wisconsin propels Big Red to sweet 16". Cornell University News Service.
231. "Spring 2016 Classes". Cornell Outdoor Education.
232. "Sailing - Spring 2025 {{!}} Physical Education {{!}} Cornell University".
233. "Outdoor Odyssey".
234. "About COE". Cornell Outdoor Education.
235. (18 October 2016). "The new Lindseth Climbing Center".
236. "Dragon Day". Cornell University Alumni.
237. (23 March 2009). "Beast Escapes the Fire in Annual Dragon Day Festivities".
238. "Dragon Day".
239. "Fall Creek Gorge: Suspension Bridge Virtual Tour". Cornell University Facilities Services.
240. "Pumpkin Tale". Cornell Chronicle Online.
241. (30 October 2003). "Dear Uncle Ezra". Cornell University.
242. Holmes, Casey. (30 April 2006). "Wild Cornell Mascot Wreaks Havoc". The Cornell Daily Sun.
243. "Counseling and Support". Cornell University.
244. "Medical Care". Cornell University.
245. "Sage House". Cornell University.
246. "Gannett Sexual Health". Cornell University.
247. "About CUEMS". Cornell University.
248. "Means restriction nets in place, Cornell takes down bridge fences after three years".
249. (20 August 2012). "Cornell Suicides: Nets To Cover Gorges Around School's Campus". [[HuffPost]].
250. (22 March 2010). "Two suspected suicides confirmed at Cornell; total now at six". [[CNN]].
251. Gabriel, Trip. (16 March 2010). "After 3 Suspected Suicides, Cornell Reaches Out". [[The New York Times]].
252. "Cornell University Police".
253. "Global Cornell – Table View: Cornell Alumni". Cornell University.
254. "Place a Reunion Ad in Class Notes". Cornell Alumni News.
255. Mulhere, Kaitlin. (27 January 2016). "These 20 colleges raked in the biggest donations last year {{grey".