Colfax County, New Mexico

History

Colfax County was originally part of Taos County, one of the original nine counties created by the New Mexico Territory in 1852. In 1859, the eastern part of Taos County, including all of the territory of Colfax County, was split off to form Mora County. Colfax County was established on January 25, 1869, from the northern part of Mora County. The original county seat was the gold mining town of Elizabethtown.

By 1872, when the gold rush in Elizabethtown had died down, the county seat was moved to Cimarron. Cimarron was on the stage coach route along the Mountain Branch of the Santa Fe Trail, and was the headquarters of the Maxwell Land Grant. The Colfax County Courthouse in Cimarron is a contributing structure in the Cimarron Historic District, and is still in use as a Masonic lodge.

In 1881, the county seat moved from Cimarron to Springer, on the former Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad, since 1996 part of the BNSF Railway. The Colfax County Courthouse in Springer was the site of one of the last important shoot-outs in the Colfax County War. This former courthouse, which is on the National Register of Historic Places is now a museum devoted to the Santa Fe Trail.

The eastern portions of Colfax, Mora, and San Miguel counties were severed to form Union County in 1893.

After a referendum and a bitter legislative fight, the county seat moved from Springer to Raton in 1897. Raton was an important coal-mining town, and was also a railroad center. The citizens of Raton raised $8000 to pay one third of the costs of a new courthouse. That courthouse was replaced in 1932 by the current Colfax County Courthouse (Raton, New Mexico), an art-deco WPA structure that also is on the National Register of Historic Places.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 3768 sqmi, of which 3758 sqmi is land and 10 sqmi (0.3%) is water.

A large portion of the County lies in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. Geography ranges from prairies, to pinon forests, to alpine meadows.

The County contains numerous state parks, ski resorts, national forests, scenic vistas, and outdoor recreational activities.

Adjacent counties

• Taos County - west
• Mora County - south
• Harding County - south
• Union County - east
• Las Animas County, Colorado - north
• Costilla County, Colorado - northwest

National protected areas

• Carson National Forest (part)
• Kiowa National Grassland (part)
• Maxwell National Wildlife Refuge

Demographics

| align-fn = center 1790-1960 1900-1990 1990-2000 2010

2020 census

As of the 2020 census, the county had a population of 12,387. The median age was 50.0 years. 18.4% of residents were under the age of 18 and 26.7% of residents were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females there were 96.2 males, and for every 100 females age 18 and over there were 94.4 males age 18 and over.

The racial makeup of the county was 65.7% White, 0.3% Black or African American, 1.7% American Indian and Alaska Native, 0.5% Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander, 10.6% from some other race, and 21.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race comprised 47.5% of the population.

45.4% of residents lived in urban areas, while 54.6% lived in rural areas.

There were 5,519 households in the county, of which 22.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them and 28.2% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present. About 36.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.

There were 9,503 housing units, of which 41.9% were vacant. Among occupied housing units, 70.4% were owner-occupied and 29.6% were renter-occupied. The homeowner vacancy rate was 4.3% and the rental vacancy rate was 10.3%.

2010 census

As of the 2010 census, there were 13,750 people, 6,011 households, and 3,749 families living in the county. The population density was 3.7 /mi2. There were 10,023 housing units at an average density of 2.7 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 83.8% white, 1.5% American Indian, 0.5% black or African American, 0.4% Asian, 0.1% Pacific islander, 10.3% from other races, and 3.6% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 47.2% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 14.1% were German, 9.7% were Irish, 9.3% were English, 6.1% were Italian, and 3.7% were American.

Of the 6,011 households, 25.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.9% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 37.6% were non-families, and 32.9% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.78. The median age was 46.7 years.

The median income for a household in the county was $39,216 and the median income for a family was $48,450. Males had a median income of $35,849 versus $23,977 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,047. About 11.8% of families and 17.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.8% of those under age 18 and 16.4% of those age 65 or over.

2000 census

As of the 2000 census, there were 14,189 people, 5,821 households, and 3,975 families living in the county. The population density was 4 /mi2. There were 8,959 housing units at an average density of 2 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 81.50% White, 0.32% Black or African American, 1.47% Native American, 0.32% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 12.80% from other races, and 3.59% from two or more races. 47.49% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 5,821 households, out of which 30.30% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.80% were married couples living together, 10.30% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.70% were non-families. 27.70% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.86.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 25.10% under the age of 18, 6.90% from 18 to 24, 24.50% from 25 to 44, 26.50% from 45 to 64, and 16.90% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 102.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.30 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $30,744, and the median income for a family was $36,827. Males had a median income of $26,736 versus $19,644 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,418. About 12.00% of families and 14.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.20% of those under age 18 and 9.00% of those age 65 or over.

Communities

City

• Raton (county seat)

Town

• Springer

Villages

• Angel Fire
• Cimarron
• Eagle Nest
• Maxwell

Census-designated place

• Ute Park

Unincorporated communities

• Black Lake
• Brilliant
• Carisbrook
• Colmor
• Dawson
• Dillon
• Elizabethtown
• Farley
• Miami
• Philmont Scout Ranch
• Rayado
• Sunny Side
• Sweetwater
• Van Houten
• Baldy Town

Former communities

• Abbott

Politics

Colfax County is a bellwether county in presidential elections; since 1912, the county has voted for the winner of the presidential election in most elections, with the only exceptions being in 1968, 1988, 2000 and 2020, when the county voted for Hubert Humphrey, Michael Dukakis, Al Gore and Donald Trump, respectively.

Education

School districts include:

• Cimarron Public Schools
• Des Moines Municipal Schools
• Maxwell Municipal Schools
• Raton Public Schools
• Springer Municipal Schools

References

References

1. "Colfax County, New Mexico". [[United States Census Bureau]].
2. "Find a County". National Association of Counties.
3. "NRA Whittington Center". [[Raton, New Mexico]].
4. Pike, David. (2004). "Roadside New Mexico: a guide to historic markers". University of New Mexico Press.
5. Conway, Jay T.. (1930). "A brief community history of Raton, New Mexico". Gazette Print.
6. {{NRISref. 2008a
7. (August 22, 2012). "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau.
8. "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau.
9. "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library.
10. "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau.
11. "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000". United States Census Bureau.
12. "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau.
13. (2021). "2020 Decennial Census Demographic Profile (DP1)".
14. (2021). "2020 Decennial Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171)".
15. (2023). "2020 Decennial Census Demographic and Housing Characteristics (DHC)".
16. "DP-1 Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data". [[United States Census Bureau]].
17. "Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County". [[United States Census Bureau]].
18. "DP02 SELECTED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". [[United States Census Bureau]].
19. "DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". [[United States Census Bureau]].
20. "U.S. Census website". [[United States Census Bureau]].
21. Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections".
22. "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Colfax County, NM". [[U.S. Census Bureau]].