Surf Wiki
Save to docs
general/european-space-agency-space-probes

From Surf Wiki (app.surf) — the open knowledge base

Cluster II (spacecraft)

European Space Agency space mission

European Space Agency space mission

FieldValue
nameCluster II
<!--image of the spacecraft/mission-->imageCluster ESA15192620.jpeg
image_captionArtist's impression of the Cluster constellation.
image_altThe Cluster II constellation.
image_size
<!--Basic details-->mission_typeMagnetospheric research
operatorESA with NASA collaboration
websitehttp://sci.esa.int/cluster
COSPAR_ID**FM6** (SALSA): 2000-041B
**FM7** (SAMBA): 2000-041A
**FM5** (RUMBA): 2000-045A
**FM8** (TANGO): 2000-045B
SATCAT**FM6** (SALSA): 26411
**FM7** (SAMBA): 26410
**FM5** (RUMBA): 26463
**FM8** (TANGO): 26464
mission_durationPlanned: 5 years
Final:
<!--Spacecraft properties-->spacecraft
spacecraft_type
spacecraft_bus
manufacturerAirbus (ex. Dornier)
dry_mass550 kg
launch_mass1200 kg
payload_mass71 kg
dimensions2.9 x
power224 watts
<!--Launch details-->launch_date**FM6**:
**FM7**:
**FM5**:
**FM8**:
launch_rocketSoyuz-U/Fregat
launch_siteBaikonur 31/6
launch_contractorStarsem
<!--end of mission-->disposal_type
deactivated
destroyed
last_contact22 August 2024
decay_dateSALSA: 8 September 2024
<!--orbit parameters-->orbit_epoch13 March 2014, 11:15:07 UTC
orbit_referenceGeocentric
orbit_regimeElliptical Orbit
orbit_periapsis**FM6**: 16118 km
**FM7**: 16157 km
**FM5**: 16022 km
**FM8**: 12902 km
orbit_apoapsis**FM6**: 116740 km
**FM7**: 116654 km
**FM5**: 116786 km
**FM8**: 119952 km
orbit_inclination**FM6**: 135 degrees
**FM7**: 135 degrees
**FM5**: 138 degrees
**FM8**: 134 degrees
orbit_period**FM6**: 3259 minutes
**FM7**: 3257 minutes
**FM5**: 3257 minutes
**FM8**: 3258 minutes
apsisgee
instruments
insigniaFile:Cluster II insignia.png
insignia_captionESA solar system insignia for *Cluster II*
insignia_altCluster II mission insignia
insignia_size180x180px
programme**Horizon 2000**
previous_missionXMM-*Newton*
next_missionINTEGRAL

FM7 (SAMBA): 2000-041A FM5 (RUMBA): 2000-045A FM8 (TANGO): 2000-045B FM7 (SAMBA): 26410 FM5 (RUMBA): 26463 FM8 (TANGO): 26464 Final:

FM7: FM5: FM8:

RUMBA:22 October 2025 FM7: 16157 km FM5: 16022 km FM8: 12902 km FM7: 116654 km FM5: 116786 km FM8: 119952 km FM7: 135 degrees FM5: 138 degrees FM8: 134 degrees FM7: 3257 minutes FM5: 3257 minutes FM8: 3258 minutes

Cluster II was a space mission of the European Space Agency, with NASA participation, to study the Earth's magnetosphere over the course of nearly two solar cycles. The mission was composed of four identical spacecraft flying in a tetrahedral formation. As a replacement for the original Cluster spacecraft which were lost in a launch failure in 1996, the four Cluster II spacecraft were successfully launched in pairs in July and August 2000 onboard two Soyuz-Fregat rockets from Baikonur, Kazakhstan. In February 2011, Cluster II celebrated 10 years of successful scientific operations in space. In February 2021, Cluster II celebrated 20 years of successful scientific operations in space. , its mission was extended until September 2024. The China National Space Administration/ESA Double Star mission operated alongside Cluster II from 2004 to 2007.

The first of the four Cluster II satellites to re-enter the atmosphere did so on 8 September 2024 and the second one on 22 October 2025. The remaining two are expected to follow in summer 2026. The scientific payload operations of all satellites ended as the first satellite re-entered the atmosphere (other flight operations are still being performed with the remaining flying satellites until the satellites have all re-entered).

Mission overview

The four identical Cluster II satellites studied the impact of the Sun's activity on the Earth's space environment by flying in formation around Earth. For the first time in space history, this mission was able to collect three-dimensional information on how the solar wind interacts with the magnetosphere and affects near-Earth space and its atmosphere, including aurorae.

The spacecraft were cylindrical (2.9 x 1.3 m, see online 3D model) and were spinning at 15 rotations per minute. After launch, their solar cells provided 224 watts power for instruments and communications. Solar array power gradually declined as the mission progressed, due to damage by energetic charged particles, but this was planned for and the power level remains sufficient for science operations. The four spacecraft maneuvered into various tetrahedral formations to study the magnetospheric structure and boundaries. The inter-spacecraft distances could be altered and varied from around 4 to 10,000 km. The propellant for the transfer to the operational orbit, and the maneuvers to vary inter-spacecraft separation distances made up approximately half of the spacecraft's launch weight.

The highly elliptical orbits of the spacecraft initially reached a perigee of around 4 RE (Earth radii, where 1 RE = 6371 km) and an apogee of 19.6 RE. Each orbit took approximately 57 hours to complete. The orbit evolved over time; the line of apsides rotated southwards so that the distance at which the orbit crossed the magnetotail current sheet progressively reduced, and a wide range of dayside magnetopause crossing latitudes were sampled. Gravitational effects imposed a long term cycle of change in the perigee (and apogee) distance, which saw the perigees reduce to a few 100 km in 2011 before beginning to rise again. The orbit plane rotated away from 90 degrees inclination. Orbit modifications by ESOC altered the orbital period to 54 hours. All these changes allowed Cluster to visit a much wider set of important magnetospheric regions than was possible for the initial 2-year mission, improving the scientific breadth of the mission.

The European Space Operations Centre (ESOC) acquired telemetry and distributed to the online data centers the science data from the spacecraft. The Joint Science Operations Centre (JSOC) at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in the UK coordinated scientific planning and in collaboration with the instrument teams provided merged instrument commanding requests to ESOC.

The Cluster Science Archive is the ESA long term archive of the Cluster and Double Star science missions. Since 1 November 2014, it is the sole public access point to the Cluster mission scientific data and supporting datasets. The Double Star data are publicly available via this archive. The Cluster Science Archive is located alongside all the other ESA science archives at the European Space Astronomy Center, located near Madrid, Spain.

History

The Cluster mission was proposed to ESA in 1982 and approved in 1986, along with the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), and together these two missions constituted the Solar Terrestrial Physics "cornerstone" of ESA's Horizon 2000 missions programme. Though the original Cluster spacecraft were completed in 1995, the explosion of the Ariane 5 rocket carrying the satellites in 1996 delayed the mission by four years while new instruments and spacecraft were built.

On July 16, 2000, a Soyuz-Fregat rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome launched two of the replacement Cluster II spacecraft, (Salsa and Samba) into a parking orbit from where they maneuvered under their own power into a 19,000 by 119,000 kilometre orbit with a period of 57 hours. Three weeks later on August 9, 2000, another Soyuz-Fregat rocket lifted the remaining two spacecraft (Rumba and Tango) into similar orbits. Spacecraft 1, Rumba, was also known as the Phoenix spacecraft, since it is largely built from spare parts left over after the failure of the original mission. After commissioning of the payload, the first scientific measurements were made on February 1, 2001.

The European Space Agency ran a competition to name the satellites across all of the ESA member states. Ray Cotton, from the United Kingdom, won the competition with the names Rumba, Tango, Salsa and Samba. Ray's town of residence, Bristol, was awarded with scale models of the satellites in recognition of the winning entry, as well as the city's connection with the satellites. However, after many years of being stored away, they were finally given a home at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory.

Originally planned to last until the end of 2003, the mission was extended several times. The first extension took the mission from 2004 until 2005, and the second from 2005 to June 2009. The mission was ultimately extended until September 2024, when the scientific payload operations on the satellites ended. The ultimate end of the Cluster project (especially the Cluster II satellites) will happen in 2026 as the last satellite enters the atmosphere and is destroyed.

Scientific objectives

Previous single and two-spacecraft missions were not capable of providing the data required to accurately study the boundaries of the magnetosphere. Because the plasma comprising the magnetosphere cannot be viewed using remote sensing techniques, satellites must be used to measure it in-situ. Four spacecraft allowed scientists make the 3D, time-resolved measurements needed to create a realistic picture of the complex plasma interactions occurring between regions of the magnetosphere and between the magnetosphere and the solar wind.

Each satellite carried a scientific payload of 11 instruments designed to study the small-scale plasma structures in space and time in the key plasma regions: solar wind, bow shock, magnetopause, polar cusps, magnetotail, plasmapause boundary layer and over the polar caps and the auroral zones.

  • The bow shock is the region in space between the Earth and the Sun where the solar wind decelerates from super- to sub-sonic before being deflected around the Earth. In traversing this region, the spacecraft made measurements which helped characterize processes occurring at the bow shock, such as the origin of hot flow anomalies and the transmission of electromagnetic waves through the bow shock and the magnetosheath from the solar wind.
  • Behind the bow shock is the thin plasma layer separating the Earth and solar wind magnetic fields known as the magnetopause. This boundary moves continuously due to the constant variation in solar wind pressure. Since the plasma and magnetic pressures within the solar wind and the magnetosphere, respectively, should be in equilibrium, the magnetosphere should be an impenetrable boundary. However, plasma has been observed crossing the magnetopause into the magnetosphere from the solar wind. Cluster's four-point measurements made it possible to track the motion of the magnetopause as well as elucidate the mechanism for plasma penetration from the solar wind.
  • In two regions, one in the northern hemisphere and the other in the southern, the magnetic field of the Earth is perpendicular rather than tangential to the magnetopause. These polar cusps allow solar wind particles, consisting of ions and electrons, to flow into the magnetosphere. Cluster recorded the particle distributions, which allowed the turbulent regions at the exterior cusps to be characterized.
  • The regions of the Earth's magnetic field that are stretched by the solar wind away from the Sun are known collectively as the magnetotail. Two lobes that reach past the Moon in length form the outer magnetotail while the central plasma sheet forms the inner magnetotail, which is highly active. Cluster monitored particles from the ionosphere and the solar wind as they passed through the magnetotail lobes. In the central plasma sheet, Cluster determined the origins of ion beams and disruptions to the magnetic field-aligned currents caused by substorms.
  • The precipitation of charged particles in the atmosphere creates a ring of light emission around the magnetic pole known as the auroral zone. Cluster measured the time variations of transient particle flows and electric and magnetic fields in the region.

Instrumentation on each Cluster satellite

NumberAcronymInstrumentMeasurementPurpose
1ASPOCActive Spacecraft Potential Control experimentRegulation of spacecraft's electrostatic potentialEnabled the measurement by PEACE of cold electrons (a few eV temperature), otherwise hidden by spacecraft photoelectrons
2CISCluster Ion Spectroscopy experimentIon times-of-flight (TOFs) and energies from 0 to 40 keVComposition and 3D distribution of ions in plasma
3DWPDigital Wave Processing instrumentCoordinates the operations of the EFW, STAFF, WBD and WHISPER instrumentsAt the lowest level, DWP provided electrical signals to synchronise instrument sampling. At the highest level, DWP enabled more complex operational modes by means of macros
4EDIElectron Drift InstrumentElectric field **E** magnitude and direction**E** vector, gradients in local magnetic field **B**
5EFWElectric Field and Wave experimentElectric field **E** magnitude and direction**E** vector, spacecraft potential, electron density and temperature
6FGMFluxgate MagnetometerMagnetic field **B** magnitude and direction**B** vector and event trigger to all instruments except ASPOC
7PEACEPlasma Electron and Current ExperimentElectron energies from 0.0007 to 30 keV3D distribution of electrons in plasma
8RAPIDResearch with Adaptive Particle Imaging DetectorsElectron energies from 39 to 406 keV, ion energies from 20 to 450 keV3D distributions of high-energy electrons and ions in plasma
9STAFFSpatio-Temporal Analysis of Field Fluctuation experimentMagnetic field **B** magnitude and direction of EM fluctuations, cross-correlation of **E** and **B**Properties of small-scale current structures, source of plasma waves and turbulence
10WBDWide Band Data receiverHigh time resolution measurements of both electric and magnetic fields in selected frequency bands from 25 Hz to 577 kHz. It provided a unique new capability to perform Very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) measurementsProperties of natural plasma waves (e.g. auroral kilometric radiation) in the Earth magnetosphere and its vicinity including: source location and size and propagation
11WHISPERWaves of High Frequency and Sounder for Probing of Density by RelaxationElectric field **E** spectrograms of terrestrial plasma waves and radio emissions in the 2–80 kHz range; triggering of plasma resonances by an active sounderSource location of waves by triangulation; electron density within the range 0.2–80 cm−3

Double Star mission with China

In 2003 and 2004, the China National Space Administration launched the Double Star satellites, TC-1 and TC-2, that worked together with Cluster to make coordinated measurements mostly within the magnetosphere. TC-1 stopped operating on 14 October 2007. The last data from TC-2 was received in 2008. TC-2 made a contribution to magnetar science{{cite journal |display-authors=etal}} as well as to magnetospheric physics. The TC-1 examined density holes near the Earth's bow shock that can play a role in bow shock formation and looked at neutral sheet oscillations.

Awards

Cluster team awards:

  • 2024 British Interplanetary Society Sir Arthur Clarke Award to the UK Cluster Mission Team
  • 2019 Royal Astronomical Society Group Achievement Award
  • 2015 ESA 15th anniversary award
  • 2013 ESA team award
  • 2010 International Academy of Astronautics Laurels for team achievements for Cluster and Double Star teams
  • 2005 ESA Cluster 5th anniversary award
  • 2004 NASA group achievement award
  • 2000 Popular science best of what's new award
  • 2000 ESA Cluster launch award

Individual awards:

  • 2023 Hermann Opgenoorth (Univ. of Umea, Sweden), former Cluster Ground Based Working Group lead, was awarded the 2023 EGU Julius Bartels Medal
  • 2020 Daniel Graham (Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala, Sweden) was awarded the COSPAR Zeldovich medal
  • 2019 Margaret Kivelson (UCLA, USA), Cluster FGM CoI, received RAS gold medal
  • 2018 Hermann Opgenoorth (Univ. of Umea, Sweden), former Cluster Ground Based Working Group lead, was awarded the 2018 Baron Marcel Nicolet Space Weather and Space Climate medal
  • 2016 Stephen Fuselier (SWRI, USA), Cluster CIS CoI, received EGU Hannes Alfvén Meda
  • 2016 Mike Hapgood, Cluster mission scientific operations expert was awarded the Baron Marcel Nicolet Medal for Space Weather and Space Climate
  • 2014 Rumi Nakamura (IWF, Austria), Cluster CIS/EDI/FGM CoI, received EGU Julius Bartels Medal
  • 2013 Mike Hapgood (RAL, UK), Cluster JSOC project scientist received RAS service award
  • 2013 Göran Marklund, EFW Co-I, received the EGU Hannes Alfvén Medal 2013.
  • 2013 Steve Milan, Cluster Ground based representative of the Cluster mission received UK Royal Astronomical Society (RAS) Chapman medal
  • 2012 Andrew Fazakerley, Cluster and Double Star PI (PEACE), received the Royal Astronomical Society Chapman Medal
  • 2012 Zuyin Pu (Pekin U., China), RAPID/CIS/FGM CoI, received AGU International Award
  • 2012 Jolene Pickett (Iowa U., USA), a Cluster WBD PI, received the State of Iowa Board of Regents Staff Excellence
  • 2012 Jonathan Eastwood (Imperial College, UK), FGM Co-I, received COSPAR Yakov B. Zeldovich medal
  • 2008 Andre Balogh (Imperial College, UK), Cluster FGM PI, received RAS Chapman medal
  • 2006 Steve Schwartz (QMW, UK), Cluster UK data system scientist and PEACE co-I, received RAS Chapman medal

Discoveries and mission milestones

2026

  • January 6 – Proof of how the most violent particle acceleration are created in the universe. This proof was enabled by machine learning techniques applied to 20 years of measurements in the Earth’s magnetosphere by 4 space missions including Cluster and Double Star, THEMIS and the Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission. The physical phenomenon is called magnetic reconnection{{cite journal | doi-access = free

2025

  • November 1 – Cluster and THEMIS observe simultaneously Kelvin–Helmholtz instability on both flanks of the magnetopause{{cite journal | article-number = 106182 | doi-access = free
  • October 30 – Online release of the
  • October 22 – Re-entry of RUMBA (Cluster 1) over the Pacific Ocean at 20:59 CEST
  • April 3 – Cluster observes plasma in the high-latitude magnetotail associated With cusp-aligned arcs{{cite journal | article-number = e2024JA033252 | doi-access = free
  • March 19 – Earth ring current observed in-situ by Cluster, THEMIS and MMS compared{{cite journal | article-number = e2024JA033085 | doi-access = free
  • February 22 – A new dataset to localize the Cluster satellites in the geospace environment{{cite journal | article-number = 327 | doi-access = free
  • January 21 – Ion flow vortex may serve as novel electron accelerator in space{{cite journal | doi-access = free

2024

  • December 1 – 14 years of Cluster data to predict proton intensities around Earth{{cite journal | article-number = e2024SW003934 | doi-access = free
  • November 13 – Polar cap auroral arcs linked to lobe reconnection{{cite journal | display-authors = etal | article-number = e2024GL111793 | doi-access = free
  • September 8 – Re-entry of SALSA (Cluster 2) satellite, the first of the Cluster II satellites to re-enter the atmosphere
  • September 4 – Strong effects of chorus waves on radiation belts expected for future magnetic superstorms{{cite journal | display-authors = etal | article-number = e2024AV001234 | doi-access = free
  • August 30 – The pioneer Cluster mission: preparation of its legacy phase near re-entry{{cite journal | display-authors = etal | article-number = 114 | doi-access = free
  • July 6 – Cluster data contributes to collisionless shocks database acquired at Earth, Venus and Mars{{cite journal | display-authors = etal | article-number = e2024JA032625 | doi-access = free
  • May 24 – Cluster releases list of plasma jets found in the magnetosheath{{cite journal | display-authors = etal | article-number = 1388307 | doi-access = free
  • April 5 – Unveiling the journey of a highly inclined CME{{cite journal | display-authors = etal | doi-access = free
  • January 20 – Global-scale magnetosphere convection driven by dayside magnetic reconnection{{cite journal | display-authors = etal | article-number = 639 | doi-access = free

2023

  • April 28 – Magnetic reconnection at high and low latitudes during the passage of an ICME{{cite journal | article-number = e2023GL103194 | doi-access = free
  • March 24 – Properties of the Martian Magnetotail compared Cluster data in the Earth magnetotail{{cite journal | article-number = e2022JA031232
  • March 23 – Scaling laws for the energy transfer in space plasma turbulence{{cite journal | doi-access = free
  • March 1 – Turbulent MHD cascade in the Jovian magnetosheath compared to Cluster measurements{{cite journal | doi-access = free
  • January 26 – Evidence for lunar tide effects in Earth's plasmasphere{{cite journal | doi-access = free
  • January 20 – Ion Outflow in Middle Altitude LLBL/Cusp from Different Origins{{cite journal | doi-access = free

2022

  • December 5 - Magnetosphere distortions during the "satellite killer" storm of February 3–4, 2022{{cite journal | article-number = e2022JA031006 | doi-access = free
  • October 14 - New insights on the formation of transpolar auroral arc{{cite journal | article-number = e2022JA030676
  • September 20 - A highway for atmospheric ion escape from Earth during the impact of an interplanetary coronal mass ejection{{cite journal | doi-access = free
  • August 3 - Joint Cluster/ground-based studies in the first 20 years of the Cluster mission{{cite journal | article-number = e2021JA029928
  • July 18 – In situ observation of a magnetopause indentation that is correspondent to throat aurora and is caused by magnetopause reconnection{{cite journal | article-number = e2022GL099408
  • June 16 - Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices as an interplay of Magnetosphere-Ionosphere coupling{{cite journal | article-number = 895514 | doi-access = free
  • June 2 - ESA highlight: Magnetic vortices explain mysterious auroral beads{{cite journal | article-number = 827612 | doi-access = free
  • May 16 - The influence of localized dynamics on dusk-dawn convection in the Earth's magnetotail{{cite journal | article-number = e2021JA030057 | doi-access = free
  • April 1 - Dawn-dusk ion flow asymmetry in the plasma sheet{{cite journal | doi-access = free
  • February 1 - South Pole Station ground-based and Cluster satellite measurements of leaked and escaping Auroral Kilometric Radiation{{cite journal | article-number = e2021JA029399
  • January 1 - Massive multi-mission statistical study and analytical modeling of the Earth's magnetopause{{cite journal

2021

  • December 15 - ESA highlight: Swarm and Cluster get to the bottom of geomagnetic storms{{cite journal | article-number = e2020GL091781 | doi-access = free
  • November 7 - Unique MMS and Cluster observations about magnetic reconnection extent at the magnetopause{{cite journal | article-number = e2021JA029506| bibcode = 2021JGRA..12629506T| hdl = 10481/72025| s2cid = 243961209| hdl-access = free
  • November 2 - Spatial distribution of energetic protons in the magnetosphere based on 17 years of data{{cite journal
  • October 11 - Unique MMS and Cluster observation of disturbances in the near-Earth magnetotail before a magnetic substorm{{cite journal | article-number = e2021JA029518| arxiv = 2208.12671| bibcode = 2021JGRA..12629518N| s2cid = 241861877}}
  • September 7 - AGU EOS spotlight: Understanding Aurora Formation with ESA's Cluster Mission{{cite journal | article-number = e2021JA029497 | doi-access = free
  • May 2 - Cluster and MMS uncover anisotropic spatial correlation functions at kinetic range in the magnetosheath turbulence{{cite journal
  • April 9 - The Solar-cycle Variations of the Anisotropy of Taylor Scale and Correlation Scale in the Solar Wind Turbulence{{cite journal | doi-access = free
  • February 18 - Heavy Metal and Rock in Space: Cluster RAPID Observations of Fe and Si{{cite journal | hdl-access = free

2020

  • December 1 - Cluster, Helios and Ulysses reveal characteristics of solar wind supra thermal halo electrons{{cite journal | doi-access = free | hdl-access = free

  • November 1 - Cluster, Swam and CHAMP join forces to explain hemispheric asymmetries in the Earth magnetotail{{cite journal | article-number = e2020JA028084 | doi-access = free

  • October 21 - Space plasma regimes classified with Cluster data{{cite journal | doi-access = free

  • October 1 - Effects of Solar Activity on Taylor Scale and Correlation Scale in Solar Wind Magnetic Fluctuations{{cite journal | doi-access = free

  • September 1 - Van Allen Probes and Cluster join forces to study Outer Radiation Belt Electrons{{cite journal | article-number = e2020JA028018 | doi-access = free

  • August 9 - Cluster's 20 years of studying Earth's magnetosphere], celebrating 20 years after the launch of the second pair of Cluster spacecraft

  • July 31 - ESA science highlight: Auroral substorms triggered by short circuiting of plasma flows{{cite journal | article-number = e2019JA027666 | doi-access = free

  • July 16 - BBC skyatnight podcast with Dr. Mike Hapgood on 20 years of ESA's Cluster mission, celebrating 20 years after the launch of the first pair of Cluster satellites

  • April 20 - What drives some of the largest and most dynamic auroral forms?{{cite journal | doi-access = free

  • March 19 - ESA science highlight: Iron is everywhere in Earth's vicinity, suggest two decades of Cluster data{{cite journal | article-number = e2019JA027596 | doi-access = free

  • February 27 - What makes Kelvin Helmholtz vortices grow at the Earth's magnetopause?{{cite journal | article-number = e2019JA027515 | url-access = subscription

2019

2018

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2001–2003

References

  • {{cite journal |hdl-access=free
  • {{cite journal | hdl-access = free
  • {{cite journal
  • {{cite book |display-editors=etal|title=The Cluster Active Archive |chapter=The Cluster Mission: Space Plasma in Three Dimensions |series=Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings | doi = 10.1007/978-90-481-3499-1_21
  • {{cite journal | doi-access= free |ref=none | hdl-access= free
  • {{cite journal

Selected publications

All 3836 publications related to the Cluster and the Double Star missions (count as of 31 October 2025) can be found on the publication section of the ESA Cluster mission website. Among these publications, 3339 are refereed publications, 342 proceedings, 124 PhDs and 31 other types of theses.

References

  1. "Cluster (Four Spacecraft Constellation in Concert with SOHO)". [[ESA]].
  2. "Cluster II operations". European Space Agency.
  3. (7 March 2023). "Extended life for ESA's science missions". [[ESA]].
  4. (2024). "Cluster II: Mission to the Earth's Magnetosphere". [[Max Planck Institute]].
  5. (2000). "European Space Agency Announces Contest to Name the Cluster Quartet". European Space Agency.
  6. "Bristol and Cluster – the link". European Space Agency.
  7. (9 July 2001). "Cluster II – Scientific Update and Presentation of Model to the City of Bristol". SpaceRef Interactive Inc..
  8. "Cluster – Presentation of model to the city of Bristol and science results overview". European Space Agency.
  9. (September 21, 2005). "ESA Science & Technology - Double Star and Cluster observe first evidence of crustal cracking".
  10. (June 20, 2006). "ESA Science & Technology - Cluster and Double Star discover density holes in the solar wind".
  11. Britt, Robert Roy. (June 20, 2006). "CNN.com - Earth surrounded by giant fizzy bubbles - Jun 20, 2006".
  12. (March 30, 2006). "ESA Science & Technology - Cluster and Double Star reveal the extent of neutral sheet oscillations".
  13. "Citation for the 2019 RAS Group Achievement Award (G): The Cluster Science and Operations teams".
  14. (28 September 2010). "Laurels for Cluster-Double Star teams". [[ESA]].
  15. (30 November 2022). "EGU announces its 2023 awards and medals!". [[European Geosciences Union]].
  16. (8 May 2020). "Young IRF scientist awarded a Zeldovich Medal". [[Swedish Institute of Space Physics]].
  17. "Citation for the 2019 RAS 'G' Gold Medal: Professor Margaret Kivelson".
  18. (7 November 2018). "ESSC member, Prof Hermann J Opgenoorth, awarded the Baron Marcel Nicolet Space Weather Medal 2018".
  19. "Stephen A. Fuselier". [[European Geosciences Union]].
  20. (15 November 2016). "UK Space Weather Expert wins prestigious international award". [[Science and Technology Facilities Council]].
  21. "Rumi Nakamura". [[European Geosciences Union]].
  22. "Service Award". [[Royal Astronomical Society]].
  23. "Göran Marklund". [[European Geosciences Union]].
  24. "Chapman Medal (G)". [[Royal Astronomical Society]].
  25. "Chapman Medal Winners". [[Royal Astronomical Society]].
  26. (15 January 2013). "Zuyin Pu Receives 2012 International Award: Response". [[American Geophysical Union]].
  27. (10 October 2012). "UI staff, faculty honored for excellence". [[University of Iowa]].
  28. "Zeldovich Medals".
  29. (February 2008). "Prof. André Balogh". [[Royal Astronomical Society]].
  30. [https://bsky.app/profile/operations.esa.int/post/3m3wdv7b7v22b The second of four @science.esa.int Cluster satellites has reentered the atmosphere. Rumba's 25-year dance around Earth ended in a targeted reentry over a remote region of the Pacific Ocean at 20:59 CEST on 22 October.]
  31. (September 9, 2024). "ESA performs targeted reentry of Cluster satellite". SpaceNews.
  32. (2 June 2022). "Magnetic vortices explain mysterious auroral beads".
  33. (15 December 2021). "Swarm and Cluster get to the bottom of geomagnetic storms". [[ESA]].
  34. (7 August 2020). "Cluster's 20 years of studying Earth's magnetosphere". [[ESA]].
  35. (31 July 2020). "Auroral substorms triggered by 'short circuiting' of plasma flows". [[ESA]].
  36. (15 July 2020). "Podcast: 20 years of ESA's Cluster mission". BBC.
  37. (19 March 2020). "Iron is everywhere in Earth's vicinity, suggest two decades of Cluster data". [[ESA]].
  38. (18 November 2019). "Earth's magnetic song recorded for the first time during a solar storm". [[ESA]].
  39. (27 August 2019). "Cluster and XMM-Newton pave the way for SMILE". [[ESA]].
Info: Wikipedia Source

This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page.

european-space-agency-space-probes 2000-in-spaceflight geospace-monitoring-satellites geomagnetic-satellites
Want to explore this topic further?

Ask Mako anything about Cluster II (spacecraft) — get instant answers, deeper analysis, and related topics.

Research with Mako

Free with your Surf account

Content sourced from Wikipedia, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.

This content may have been generated or modified by AI. CloudSurf Software LLC is not responsible for the accuracy, completeness, or reliability of AI-generated content. Always verify important information from primary sources.

Report